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Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy 2017 Vol.35 Please wait a minute... For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select Microanatomy of the lateral wall of sphenoid sinus and the medial wall of the cavernous sinus via transnasal approach XUE Liang，WANG Shou-sen, WEI Liang-feng, ZHENG He-ping, LU Song-song Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 1-4.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.001 Abstract （811）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　 To study the features of the microanatomy of the lateral wall of sphenoid sinus and the medial wall of the cavernous sinus from the perspective of the transnasal approach and provide morphological basis for relevant operations. Methods　With the transnasal endoscopic approach, microdissections were performed on 10 cases of antiseptic cadaveric heads, and then the relationship among nerves, internal carotid artery and the lateral wall of sphenoid sinus were observed in the visual field of microscope； Finally, the length between the anterior nasal spine and orbital opening of canales opticus, internal carotid artery carina was measured, as well as the angle between anterior nasal spine and Abey’s plane.　Results　Internal carotid artery and optic nerve together formed a “＞”shape prominence, the distance between anterior nasal spine and the most salient point of internal carotid artery carina was (62.18±5.12) mm, and the angle between anterior nasal spine and Abey’s plane was (36.8±3.4)°. The length between anterior nasal spine and orbital opening of canales opticus was (69.24±3.95) mm，and their angle was (41.4±3.0) ° The intracavernous portion of internal carotid artery could be divided to parasellar and paraclival sections. Among them, the parasellar part was closely related to the lateral wall of the pituitary, and its distance with the mesal was (9.06±1.34) mm.　Conclusions　Familiarity with the anatomy of the lateral wall of sphenoid sinus would be  significant importance for intraoperative localization and safe treatment of cavernous sinus lesions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Applied anatomy for transforaminal endoscopic lumbar surgery WU Bo1, ZHAO Qing-hao2, ZHOU Xiao-qi1, SHI Ben-chao1, PENG Yan-kai1, CHEN Zhong1, DING Zi-hai2 Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 5-8.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.002 Abstract （1047）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To provide data for transforaminal endoscopic lumbar surgery at different levels.　Methods　Anatomic structures, including the height of intervertebral foramens,the morphology of safety triangle of intervertebral foramen and safety triangle of spinal canal on 10 adult cadaver spine specimens (L1～S1) were observed and measured.　Results　①The vertical dimension between the intersection of a horizontal line drawn through the middle of disc space and the tip of the safety triangle of intervertebral foramen and the exiting nerve root at L1/2～L5/S1 were (4.75±0.80), (6.42±0.44), (7.30±0.82),(7.74±0.52) and (4.68±1.27) mm; ② The distance between the intersection of a horizontal line drawn through the middle of posterior margin of disc and the vertical line drawn through the medial one third of the pedicle and the exiting nerve root at L1/2～L5/S1 were (4.02±0.78), (4.67±0.65), (5.17±0.91), (6.16±0.74) and (5.48±0.61) mm; ③ The distance between the intersection of a horizontal line drawn through the middle of posterior margin of disc and the vertical line drawn through the medial one third of the pedicle and the thecal sac/traversing nerve root at L1/2~L5/S1 were (3.89±0.61), (4.39±0.71), (5.17±0.97), (6.58±0.70) and (6.22±1.20)mm.　Conclusions　Understanding detailed anatomic features of lumbar vertebrae is valuable for choosing a suitable working cannula during transforaminal endoscopic lumbar surgery. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Research on clavicle cadre fracture and the congruence between bone fracture plate and anatomical classification ZHANG Xie-zhuo, Yilihamu Tuoheti, LIU Li-guo, HA Si-lu, GAN Zi-ming Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 9-14.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.003 Abstract （948）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To improve the existing clavicular plate, and to provide the anatomical basis for clinical treatment of clavicular fracture.　Methods　 The relevant data were collected and analyzed form 115 clavicular specimens and radiographic images of 115 cases of clavicular fractures; the compatibility of the two commercially available steel plates for clavicular fractures with the clavicular specimens were carried out, respectively.　Results　In 115 clavicles, type I, II, and III clavicle accounted, respectively, for 45.2%, 45.2% and 9.6%; in imaging data of 115 cases of clavicle fracture, fractures in the three types of the clavicle accounted for 14.8%, 57.4% and 27.8%, respectively. Fracture of the clavicular shaft is the most common one, accounting for 73.9%; the kappa values of compatibility of the modified steel plate and the conventional plates with the three types of the clavicle was 0.38 and 0.51, respectively.　Conclusion　The modified steel for clavicular fracture has obvious improvement in compatibility compared with the conventional ones. Our study has certain guiding significance for the clinical application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Using the nerve entry points to localize the nerve block targets of the triceps surae muscle spasticity HU Shuai-yu, ZHUO Li-fan YANG Sheng-bo Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 15-18.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.004 Abstract （718）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the location of nerve entry point (N point) of the triceps surae accurately in order to provide the anatomical basis for the clinical nerve block of this muscle spasticity.  Methods　Twenty sides of lower limbs of 10 adult cadavers were dissected and exposed in the prone position. The lines on the skin between the lateral epicondyle to the medial epicondyle of the femur and fro the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral malleolus were designated as the horizontal reference line (H line) and the longitudinal reference line (L line) of the N point, respectively. Those cadavers were dissected to expose the point N of each nerve muscle branch of triceps surae for staining the N points by barium sulfate. CT scanning was performed. Syngo system was used to determine the body surface projection point (P point) of point N; P by N projecting to the contralateral limb skin was designated as P'; The intersections the vertical line through P and the H line,  the horizontal line through P and line L were designated as PH and PL, respectively. The percentage location of PH and PL points on H line and L line and depth of point N were measured, respectively.  Results  The point PH of the medial head of gastrocnemius, lateral head of gastrocnemius and soleus were located at（46.89±2.73）%, （40.90±3.05）% and（42.56±2.59）% of the H line, respectively, and at （7.58±2.88）%, （8.15±2.52）% and （17.42±3.31）% of the L line, respectively; The depth of N points after P points were located at（16.32±2.52）%, （13.83±1.77）% and（29.93±2.89）%, respectively. Conclusion　These parameters can improve the efficacy and efficiency of the neurolysis for the treatment of triceps muscle spasticity. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Evidence from medical images manifests drumstick spinal process originates from the bony fusion of normal L5 spinal process and isolated S1 spinal process HOU Li-sheng, BAI Xue-dong, HE Qing, WANG Jing, CHENG Shi, LV You Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 19-24.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.005 Abstract （1025）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　Chinese medical specialists asserted that the drumstick spinal process(DSP) originated from the bony union of the normal L5 spinal process and isolated S1 spinal process from sacral spina bifida occulta.  The imaging diagnosis is generally established based on the anteroposterior conventional radiograph image. This study was designed to verify the assertion by analysis of DSP images and direct visual inspection.　Methods　Cases met DSP imaging diagnosis criteria of plain radiographs from December, 2004 to July, 2016 were enrolled in the study, anteroposterior and lateral conventional radiographs of relative cases were observed to find DSP’s morphologic characteristics. If CT scanning or MR scanning was performed, sagittal reconstructed images at midline were observed to find the image evidence of DSP’s components. If open operation was performed, direct observation of DSP with naked eye was carried out.　Results　16 cases satisfied the DSP’s imaging diagnosis on plain radiographs which showed the distal end of the spinal process connected with L5 laminae reached the central defective area of sacral spina bifida occulta were enrolled. The contour of DSP at the lateral radiograph was clearly visible in 12 cases, which exhibited fin morphology, among whom, 7 had smooth rim while 4 had a dent at the inferoposterior edge.  CT scanning was done at three cases, two had sagittal CT images reconstructed which detected a narrowed region near the lower portion of DSP corresponding to the dent location found on plain radiographs and sclerotic bands could be detected adjacent to the narrow region distally and proximately. MR scanning was done on three cases. In two cases, sagittal MR images at the midline exhibited low T1WI and T2WI signals at the narrow area of DSP corresponding to the relative area at CT images and high T1WI and T2WI signals at bilateral margins adjacent to the narrow area distally and proximately, while in one case, the signals of the narrow area of DSP were similar to that of the normal L5S1 interspinal ligament, thus making it difficult to discern the existence of DSP. Open operation was performed on 2 cases, a dent could be found at inferoposterior edge of DSP in one case by naked eye. 　Conclusion　This study can support the assertion that DSP comes from the bony union of the normal L5 spinal process and the isolated S1 spinal process of sacral spina bifida occulta. The narrow area at lower portion of DSP detected by reconstructed sagittal CT images is the union location. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The impact on hemodynamics of proximally-based sural neurovascular flap by different management of sural nerve XIE Yun，ZOU Wen-xuan， FANG Fang， ZHANG Qi，YE Jun-jian，ZHUANG Yue-hong Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 25-30.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.006 Abstract （655）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate whether the sural nerve emanates sympathetic fibers to its accompanying artery, regulating its tone, and the hemodynamic change of the proximally-based sural neurovascular flap brought about by section of the sural nerve at its origin.　Methods　In 17 rabbits, two rabbits were used as the normal control group, from which the sural neurovascular bundles were harvested without flap creation, and the other 15 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups with 15 sides of hind limbs in each group: a nerve transection group, where the sural nerve was transected at its origin after creation of the proximally-based sural neurovascular flap, and a nerve preservation group, where the sural nerve was untouched after flap creation. The latter two groups were continued to be allocated respectively to three sub-groups according to the time points, i.e., 3d, 5d and 7d after flap creation. The rabbits were executed at the corresponding time points and the sural neurovascular bundles were harvested for glyoxylic acid staining. An infrared thermal imager was used for measurement of the average temperature of the flaps within 24h after flap harvest.　Results　The intensity of green fluorescent staining within the sural nerve and around the tunica externa of the sural artery showed a synchronized gradual decline in the nerve transection group at 3d, 5d and 7d after flap harvest. Significant difference of fluorescent intensity could be detected among the groups (F=13.563, P=0.004). The fluorescent intensity of the sural neurocutaneous bundle showed no decline in the nerve preservation group at the postoperative three time points. The average temperature of the flaps in the nerve transection group was higher than that in the nerve preservation group starting from 2h after flap harvest (P<0.05).　Conclusion　The sural nerve has issued sympathetic fibers to the accompanying arteries, regulating its vascular tone. The microvascular circulation within the proximally-based sural neurocutaneous flap could improve if the sural nerve is divided at its origin, leading to possible increased flap survival. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Abnormal multiple branch of left subclavian artery and axillary artery: a case report FAN Hong-bo, GAN Sheng-Wei Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 30-.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.027 Abstract （475）            Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select A unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion injury model in rabbits and its MRI and histologic characterization LIU Jun-hao, YAO Xin-qiang, HUANG Zu-cheng, HUANG Zhi-ping, WU Xiao-liang, WU Xiu-hua, JI Wei, KONG Gang-gang, LI Rong, ZHU Qing-an Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 31-36.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.007 Abstract （675）            Knowledge map    Save Objective 　To establish a unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion injury model in rabbits, and characterize the MRI and histology of two-level spinal cord contusion at 24 hours after injury. Methods　Twenty-two male New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned into the moderate lesion group (n=9), the severe lesion group (n=9) and the sham group (n=4), respectively. All animals in the moderate group were subjected to 2.0 mm contusion at 500 mm/s on the left of C5 spinal cord, while all animals in the severe group to 2.8 mm contusion. The flat head impactor was 3.0 mm in diameter and was  driven by an electromagnetic-servo material testing machine. The sham group exposed the spinal cord without contusion. Post-injury MRI was scanned and analyzed for 2 animals per group. Spinal cord samples of all animals were harvested 24 hours after injury, and analyzed the hemorrhagic area of the cord on cross section of the epicenter.　 Result　The peak force and actual contusion displacement were (2.47±0.39) N and (1.99±0.02) mm in the moderate group, and (5.16±0.82) N and (1.99±0.02) mm in the severe group, respectively. There was significant difference in the peak force between groups (P<0.05). There were high and low intensity T2-weighted signal in the C5 cord on post-operative MRI in the two injured groups. Histological analysis showed that there were hematoma and tissue damage on the left side of spinal cord in two injured groups, and hHematoma area was (0.012±0.006) mm2 in the moderate group and (0.039±0.006) mm2 in the severe group. There was significant difference in hematoma area between groups (P<0.05).　Conclusion　The study establishes a unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion model with displacement control and at high speed. Different unilateral cervical spinal cord contusions showed different degrees of lesions in peak force, MRI and histology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on the progress of diethylnitrosamine induced primary liver cancer LI Xiang-zhi，NIU Hong-ling，LIU Xiao-long，LIU Li-xin Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 37-42.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.008 Abstract （727）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the influence of anti-inflammatory treatment on the progress of DEN induced primary liver cancer. 　Methods　42 rats which were fed with Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) solution to induce the rat model of liver cancer, and randomly divided into 3 groups. The nodule number and the structural change of liver tissue in each group were observed. CD68, CD206 and CD34 positive expression in liver tissue were detected by immunohistochemical staining in each group. Relative expression of TNF-α, IL10, TGF-β, HGF and NFκB in the liver tissue was detected by western blot in each group. Results　 Compared with the control group and glucurolactone group，hydrocortisone group's nodule number was fewer，the appearance time of liver cancer was postponed, the positive expression of CD68, CD206 and CD34 was fewer, the protein relative expression of TNF-α, IL10, TGF -β, HGF and NF kappa B was fewer at the 8th,10th, and 12th week.　Conclusion　Inhibiting the chronic nonspecific inflammation which is mediated by mononuclear - macrophage in liver microenvironment can delay the progress of the primary liver cancer in rats at an early stage which is induced by DEN. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Expression of EphA2 and EphrinAl in the breast carcinoma tissue and its relation to clinicopathological parameters ZHANG Ben-si, BIAN Si-yuan, PAN Yun, LI Zheng-jun, LI Yue-kang Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 43-47.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.009 Abstract （518）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigatethe expression of EphA2 and EphrinAl in the breast carcinoma tissue fromYunnan Dali Bai, Han and other minority women and its relation to clinicopathological parameters. Methods　The expression of EphA2 and EphrinAl in the breast carcinoma tissue was detected by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) method and was compared with theclinicopathological parameters and with each other, respectively.　Results　EphA2 and EphrinA1 were mainly expressed in cytoplasm and membrane of tumor cells and of vascular endothelial cells, showing a tan or brown color. Out of 150 cases of breast cancer tissues, the positive expression of EphA2 and EphrinA1 appeared in 123 and129 cases, and the positive rates of them are 82% and 86%, respectively. The positive expression rates of EphA2 and EphrinAlhave no significant correlation with the patient age (P>0.05), but are correlated statistically with the pathological type, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and histological grade (P<0.05). The positive rates of EphA2 and EphrinAl in the invasive ductal carcinoma are higher than that in the intraductal carcinoma; and the positive rates of EphA2 and EphrinAl in the group with large size, lymph node metastasis, late clinical stage and high histological grade was higher than that in the group with a small size, negative lymph node metastasis, early clinical stage and a low histological grade, respectively. The positive staining of EphA2 and EphrinAliscolocalized in roughly the same tumor areas and vascular endothelial cells.Their distributions were fundamentally unanimous and their positive expression rates were positively correlated (P<0.05).　Conclusion　Over expression of EphA2 andEphrinA1 can be observed in breast carcinoma, which isconcerned with carcinogenesis, development, invasion, metastases and malignant transformation, suggesting that EphA2 and EphrinA1 may be associated with tumour prognosis and could be used as new markers for prognosis evaluation. Our research has laid a theoretical foundation for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of breast carcinoma. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Effects of Schwann-like cells on the expression of NGF and BDNF in spinal ganglia of rats with sciatic nerve injury Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 48-51.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.010 Abstract （428）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effects of Schwann-like cells on the expression of NGF and BDNF in spinal ganglia of rats with sciatic nerve injury (SNI) and explore the protective effects of Schwann-like cells on spinal ganglion.　Methods　Firstly，the adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) were differentiated into Schwann-like cells and the phenotype of the differentiated cells were identified, then the ADSCs and Schwann-like cells were implanted into the acellular nerve grafts (ANA), so the tissue engineering nerves were constructed. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control group, ADSC group and Schwann-like cells group. The SNI model was established in rats of the latter two groups, and then the corresponding tissue engineering nerves were used to bridge the injured sciatic nerves. 4 Weeks after operation, Western Blot and Real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of NGF and BDNF protein and mRNA in spinal ganglia.　Results　ADSCs can be induced to differentiate into Schwann-like cells and expression of S100β and GFAP protein (markers of Schwann cells). In contrast with ADSC group, the expressions of NGF and BDNF protein and mRNA in Schwann-like cells group rats increased (P＜0.05). Conclusion　 Schwann-like cells can enhance the expression of NGF and BDNF in the spinal ganglia, so they can have protective effects on the spinal ganglia in rats with SNI. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 protein in cerebral cortex of rats after acute methanol poisoning LI Fan，LI Hong-e，HAN Hong，CAO Xiao-qing，ZHAO Min，LI Juan-juan2，YUAN Yun，WU Chun-yun Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 52-56.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.011 Abstract （526）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　This study was aimed to investigate the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) proteinin rats after acute methanol poisoning.　Methods　Animal models of acute methanol poisoning in rats were duplicated using a plexiglas chamber exposed to a mixture of N2O/O2. Perfusion fixation, paraffin embedding, and sectioning were used, and positive cells expression was observed. Extract protein from brain tissue and Western blot were use to detected the expression level of MCP-1 protein.　Results　Results of Western blot: The expression level of MCP-1 were significantly enhanced with over time following acute poisoning, reaching the maximum at 24h; Expression in high-dose group was higher than low-dose group at 12h and 24h (P<0.01). There were no significant difference between the low-dose group and high-dose group at 3d (P>0.05). Results of immunohistochemistry experiment: MCP-1 positive cells reaction could be found in piriform cortex in the high-dose group, whereas the saline group showed no brown-yellow granules scattered. The expression level of MCP-1 were significantly increasedat 24 h (P<0.01), reached the maximum at 3d (P<0.01)，and then decreased at 1week, but still had significant difference compared with the saline control group (P<0.01).　Conclusion　The expression level of MCP-1 proteinare significantly enhanced and last a period of time following acute methanol poisoning; the degree of poisoning and the dose administered is apparently related, and MCP-1 might participate in brain pathological process. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Study of shear wave elastic modulus in a rat model of chronic myofascial trigger points LV Heng-yong, LI Zhen, WANG Yue-xiang, LI Ying-xin, WU Jin-peng Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 57-61.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.012 Abstract （567）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To detect the shear wave elastic modulus of the myofascial trigger points of chronic myofascial trigger points in a rat model, and study the application value of elastic ultrasound in the identification of the rat model and clinical diagnosis, and provide the basis for the diagnosis of the disease such as myofascial pain syndrome.　Methods　A total of 24 male SD rats (7 weeks old) were randomly divided into a control group (group A) and a model group (group B). A blunt striking injury and eccentric exercise were applied to the rats in the model group for 8 weeks, and then all rats were fed normally for 4 weeks. At the end of 12 weeks, EMG of rats was detected, and the elastic modulus of myofascial trigger point was measured by shear wave elastography and the difference between groups was compared.　Results  Spontaneous electrical activity was detected in rats of group B, showing the existence of myofascial trigger points. The shear wave elastic modulus in focal region of the trigger point was significantly higher than that of the surrounding tissue (P<0.05), and the elastic modulus of the focal region and the surrounding tissue of the rats in the model group was higher than that of the control group.　Conclusion　Shear wave elasticity modulus measurement technique can quantify stiffness characteristics of myofascial trigger point, and prompt significant increase of the hardness of the trigger points, providing objective basis for clinical diagnosis. This technique can also be used to differentiate focal region and the surrounding tissue, providing a new way to identify the myofascial trigger point of the rat model. Therefore, this technique has an important study and application value for clinical diagnosis and treatment effect evaluation of myofascial pain syndrome. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The high flexion kinematic characteristics research of Human tibiofemoral joint WANG Jian-ping, LIANG Jun, ZHANG Yan-ru, FU Long, WANG Meng, ZHANG Pan-pan Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 62-68.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.013 Abstract （855）            Knowledge map    Save Objective 　Analyzing the femorotibial (FT) joint kinematics of natural and artificial knees under high flexion behaviors provides a reference for the study of kinematic characteristics of knees and the prosthesis design.　Method　On the basis of the CT and MRI scanning data of healthy volunteers， dynamic finite element models (FEMs) of the human knee joint and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were established. Through the loaded three-dimensional quadriceps asynchronous variable forces to simulation of the squatting exercise, our study analyzed the relative kinematic characteristics of FT articulation. Data in the relevant literature were retrieved and compared with our study for analyses.    Result Three-dimensional kinematicsdata of the femur relative to the tibia of human’s natural and TKA knees were obtained during the squatting.The results showed that the overall trends of the relative kinematics of the femorotibial articulation before and after TKA were similar. However, the maximums of the kinetic aspects in the anterior or posterior translation,proximal or distal translation, medial or lateral translation, adduction or abduction rotation,and internal or external rotation were different. Our study found varying degrees of differences in the results through analyzing the relative kinematics of intact and TKA knees’ FT articulation and  the existing relevant literature data.　Conclusions 　The main differences for nature knee relative kinematics are the changes in the level of restraints on the directions and the shifted flexion degrees of the knees’ FT joints.The differences for the TKA knee derive mainly from the knee-surface and structural changes; andboth of these differences are related to the definition of the coordinate system, in vitro or in vivo, and the various loads. This study has performed finite element simulation analyses for the kinematics of intact and TKA knees’ FT articulations , offering certain valuable references on the study of the knee kinematics. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Three-dimensional reconstruction of subject-specific dynamic patella of femoral joint using static magnetic resonance based methodology WANG Xing-liang, LIU Yun-peng, XU Zhi-qing,YAO Jie,YANG Bin Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 69-73.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.014 Abstract （451）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To reconstruct the dynamic 3D motion model of patellofemoral joint based on multi-angle static magnetic resonance imaging.　Methods　A healthy adultmale was enrolled, whose right knee was scanned with a MR machine at 0°, 30°, 60°,90°, and 120° of knee flexion, then the MR images were imported into the Mimics in Dicom format, the shape of patella and femoral were extracted to calculate the static 3D model of patellofemoral joint at the five flexion angles. Then import the models into Rapidform at the same coordinate system to match the dynamic model using spline interpolation algorithm, and the patella tracking was calculated and compared with the experiments in literatures.　Results　Using static MR scanning technology could reconstruct the quasi dynamic 3D motion model of patellofemoral joint accurately and without radiation in a short time. The patellar tracking was within the range of experimental measurements which was calculated based on the dynamic model.　Conclusion　The dynamic 3D model of patellofemoral joint is successfully reconstructed which includes the full process of knee bending from full extension to the maximum flexion; during the flexion of knee, the patella keeps rotating and mildly flexing and tilting at the same time. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Biomechanical comparison of postoperative stability in use of three kinds of endobutton technique for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction PAN Zhao-xun, DU De-kai, ZHANG Hong-xin, SUN Chao, ZHONG Bin, MIN Xiao-jun Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 74-77.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.015 Abstract （536）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the biomechanical differences of postoperative stability in use of single，double and triple Endobutton techniques for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.　Method　40 fresh frozen shoulder specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups,10 in each group. Tissues in the shoulder specimens were dissected away to only preserve the scapula-coracoclavicular ligament-clavicle structure. The first 3 groups were the experimental group (group 1, group 2 and group 3). The coracoclavicular ligaments were disruputed, and then we used three kinds of Endobutton techniques for the reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament. The fourth group served as the control group (group 4). The original coracoclavicular ligament was reserved. And then,we continued the vertical biomechanical tensile test, and the maximum strength causing the reconstruction failure was recorded.　Result　When  thecoracoclavicular structure in each group was destroyed，the tensile strength were as follows： group 1（597.10±65.58）N，group 2（750.67±51.00）N，group 3（774.82±64.94） N and group 4（645.44±43.37）N. The maximum tensile strength of group 1 was slightly lower than that of group 4 (P>0.05); the maximum tensile strength of group 2 and group 3 was significantly higher than that of group 4 (P<0.05); the maximum tensile strength of group 3 was slightly higher than that of group 2 (P>0.05).　Conclusion　Three kinds of Endobutton technique all could be used for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction. The vertical stability of the double Endobutton technique and thetriple Endobutton technique were superior to the single Endobutton technique. The vertical stability of the double Endobutton technique and the triple Endobutton technique was similar. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Comparative study on the application of two kinds of supports in anterior cervical subtotal corpectomy and fusion of cervical spondylotic myelopathy PU Zhi-chao, MA Xiang-yang, YANG Jin-cheng，XIA Hong, WU Zeng-hui, YIN Qing-shui，Ai Fu-zhi, Wang Jian-hua Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 78-84.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.016 Abstract （647）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To compare the effects of titanium mesh and nano-hydroxyapatite / polyamide 66 (n-HA / PA66) cervical spine bone grafts on cervical spine subtotal resection, decompression fusion, anterior titanium screw fixation, Recovery and maintenance of cervical curvature, intervertebral height and fusion rate, the settlement rate differences.　Methods　Anterior cervical decompression and fusion were performed in 75 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy of two adjacent segments. Forty patients underwent titanium mesh support bone grafting and 35 patients received implantation of nano-hydroxyapatite / polyamide 66 (n-HA / PA66) into the cervical spine. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, JOA score, curvature of cervical vertebrae, height of intervertebral fusion and bone fusion were compared between the two groups. Cobb angle, C2～7 Cobb angle, and D value of the cervical spine were measured before and after the operation, 3,6,9 months follow-up, (HAB) and posterior edge height (HPB) were measured to evaluate the fusion settlement of the support. The differences between the parameters were analyzed by the paired t test.　Results　All patients were followed up for 9-24 months (mean 16.7 months). The JOA score of the two groups was significantly higher than that of the preoperative group. There was no significant difference in the JOA scores between the two groups (P> 0.05). There was significant difference between the two groups (P <0.05). There was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05), and there was significant difference (P <0.05) between the two groups at 3, 6, 9 months postoperatively, (P> 0.05), but there was significant difference in the settlement rate at 6 and 9 months after operation (P<0.05). There was obvious early subsidence in the titanium mesh group, which affected the fusion segment vertebrae Between the height.  Conclusion  Nano-hydroxyapatite / polyamide 66 (n-HA / PA66) cervical support has the advantages of improved fusion rate and less complication compared with titanium mesh support bone graft. It can effectively maintain cervical curvature and intervertebral heightand is an ideal support for bone graft material. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The analysis of spinal alignment for thoracolumbar dislocated fractures（type C）with posterior long-segment instrumentation WANG Xiang, CAI Yi, ZHENG Ming-hui, QU Dong-bin Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 85-89.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.017 Abstract （673）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　 The purpose of the retrospective study is to analyzethe imbalance of the spinal sagittal and coronalalignmentfor thoracolumbar fracture-dislocations with posterior long-segment pedicle screws instrumentation.　Methods　33 patients with thoracic or lumbar type C spinal injurieswere treated with long-segment fixation which contained four or more segments. The distance of the vertebrae moving forward or backward, Cobb angle and kyphotic angle were measured prior to and after surgery by radiography, and the spinal sagittal and coronal alignment was analyzed. 33 patients were divided into the group of balanced alignment (group A) and the group of imbalanced alignment (group B). Then we discussed influence of the number of pedicle screws placed on postoperative spinal alignment.　Results　Among all patients, there were 20 cases (60.6%) with balanced alignment, others (39.4%) with imbalanced alignment. The segments of instrumentation and the total number of pedicle screws showed no obvious difference between two groups (P>0.05). As far as the number of single vertebra screws was concerned, group A was 1.7±0.3 and group B was 1.3±0.4, which showed no significant difference (P＜0.05).　Conclusions　The imbalance of the spinal alignment often happened tothoracic or lumbar dislocated fractures with long-segment instrumentation. The segments of instrumentation, the number of screws, pedicular screw and so on play an important role in postoperative spinal alignment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Clinical application of micro-debulking perforator flap based on descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery NIE Kai-yu, CHANG Shu-sen, WEIZai-rong, JIN Wen-hu, WANG Bo, SUN Guang-feng, TANGXiu-jun, ZENGXue-qin, HE Chun-nian Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 90-93.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.018 Abstract （655）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effect of clinical application of the micro-debulking perforator flap based on the descending branch of the the lateral circumflex femoral artery.　Methods　Between May 2014 and January 2016, 26 cases of tissue defects of the hands and feet were repaired with the micro-debulking perforator flaps based on the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. The soft tissue defect area ranged from 6 cm×4 cm to 15 cm×10 cm. The flaps ranged from 8 cm×5 cm to 21 cm×8 cm. According to the second-perforator course，the perforator and the deep fascia about 1 mm around it were preserved under a magnifying glass before cutting off the pedicle. The peripheral fat tissue was removed to the utmost extent. 2~3 mm thick circumferential fat tissues of the flaps were preserved. The flaps were transplanted to recipient site after excellent blood perfusion of the flaps was checked.15 cases are swelled obviously postoperatively, which was managed by re-open one edge of the flaps to remove the fatty tissue.　Results     Twenty-five flaps survived completely. Only one flap suffered partial margin necrosis with a size of 2 cm ×1cm, which was healed after dressing change for two weeks. Fifteen cases with centrally-located bulk was thinned in a second phase. Patients were followed up for 6 to 20 months. The appearance of flaps was satisfactory and the texture was thin and soft, and the sensation was numb.only linear scars could be seen in the donor site.    Conclusions    The perforator flap based on the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery can withstand the removal of most of the deep fascia and superficial fascia tissue. If necessary, the central fat tissue of the flaps was removed in asecond phase, reducing the number of plastic surgery and the difficulty of operation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The application of three-dimensional visualization technique in preoperative planning of Chevron Osteotomy for treatment of hallux valgus LV Zhi-yu1，ZHAO Yi-rong1，YU Chun-sheng1，LI Ji-chuan1，SHAO Zhi-ming2 Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 94-97.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.019 Abstract （717）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To Discuss the benefit of the three-dimensional visualization technique in preoperative planning of Chevron Osteotomy for treatment of hallux valgus.　Methods 　From January 2014 to December 2015, the 3D visualization preoperative planning technique was applied to 20 admitted patients aged 48-72 years old with mild to moderate hallux valgus.  The image processing software M3d was performed to analyze the images obtained from 3D spiral CT with 0.625 mm thin slices, generate the hallux valgus model, simulate the osteotomy, measure hallux valgus angle (HVA) and 1st-2nd intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and compare measurements at different osteotomy angles.　Results　With the guidance of the preoperative planning made through digital reconstruction model of hallux valgus and osteotomy simulation, the imaging findings after osteotomy correction highly agreed with the one made from 3D virtual surgery.  AOFAS scores were significantly increased, as well as patient satisfaction.　Conclusions　The 3D foot weight-bearing reconstruction model for hallux valgus patient clearly shows the position change of the first metatarsal column in a 3D space.  It also provides a quantitative basis for Chevron osteotomy surface design and 3D post-treatment measurement of the first metatarsal head. Hallux valgus correction treatment should be designed to accommodate individual differences, so that the foot shape looks better and weight-bearing function works better to improve patient satisfaction after Chevron osteotomy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Effect comparison of two methods for treatment of large free bone block associated with femoral shaft fractures YIN Qu-dong, GU San-jun, XU Ke-lin, RUI Yong-jun, SUN Zhen-zhong, LIU Jun Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 98-101.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.020 Abstract （884）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To compare the difference in effect of two methods g for treatment of large free bone block associated with femoral shaft fractures.    Methods     66 cases of femoral shaft fractures with large free bone block treated by open reduction and internal fixation were selected.According to different methods for large free bone block,they were divided into control group(35 cases,treated without drilling and without bone grafting) and test group(35 cases,treated with drilling and cancellous bone grafting liking rice transplant in the holes and surrounding).The two groups were compared in terms of operation time,operative bleeding,healing time of fracture,morbidity of complications and functionary recovery of the adjacent joints(HSS’s criterion) at the last follow-up.    Results    The two groups were not significantly different in clinical data (P>0.05).The operation bleeding (847.58±147.53 ml) and operative time (138.43±12.10 min) in the control group were superior to those in the test group（752.18±143.78 ml and 115.27±11.31 min, respectively）, but the healing time of fracture（4.79±1.00 month）, the morbidity of delayed healing(1/35), nonunion (0) and broken of internal fixation (0)，as well as the functionary recovery in the test group were superior to those in the control group (9.49±2.59 month，11/35，8/35，4/35 and 15/13/7/0, respectively), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).　Conclusion　As for free bone block associated with femoral shaft fractures, simple reduction and fixation has unsatisfied result,but drilling and cancellous bone grafting can promote healing of creeping substitution and improve mechanical property in the fracture ends, the result is superior to that in the former. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Curative effect of recurrent patellar dislocation through arthroscopic lateral retinacular release combined with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction  HUANG Yuan-xia, DUAN Yong-zhuang, WANG Li-min, XU Hai-bin Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 102-105.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.021 Abstract （691）            Knowledge map    Save Objective 　To investigate clinical effect of arthroscopic lateral retinacular release combined with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction on recurrent patellar dislocation.　Methods　19 cases were admitted into our hospital for arthroscopic lateral retinacular release combined with reconstruction the medial patellofemoral ligament from January 2012 to January 2015. With Regular follow-up after surgery, we recorded preoperative and postoperative radiographic results, Lysholm knee function score and Kujala score changes of patellofemoral joint, ligament length reconstruction.　Results　19 cases were followed up for 12~48 (25.7±8.56) months after surgery, no patella redislocation and fear patellofemoral pain syndrome, no aggravation, X-ray Q angle in the normal range were found, and the knee joint CT (at 45 °) showed that patients with the lateral patellar articular surface opening angle had it increased to (11.2±5.1)°(5°~18°) postoperatively from an average (-1.2±6.8)°(-16°~8°)  preoperatively, with significant difference detected (P<0.01). Lysholm scores and Kujala patellofemoral joint score one year after surgery improved significantly compared with that prior to surgery. Average length of ligament after reconstruction immediately after operation was about (57.81±6.76) mm, and it increased to about (58.36±6.87) mm one year after surgery, with no significant relaxation found.　Conclusion　Arthroscopically assisted lateral retinacular release combined with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction can effectively restore the position and function of the patellofemoral joint and prevent recurrence, and the curative effect is satisfactory. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select To explore a way and efficacy of curing epicanthoplasty by removing a modified triangle skin flap   FU Fu-ren Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 106-108.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.022 Abstract （730）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To explore a way and effecacy of curing epicanthoplasty by removing a Modified  triangle skin flap.　Methods 　From May 2010 to 2015, epicanthoplasty was treated by a Modified  triangle skin flap in 168 cases. The △ABC skin flap was removed. Fibrous connective  tissue under skin was separated and  orbicularis oculi muscle was  dissected and  removed.∠BAD and ∠BCD were trimmed to a round shape. The  new point of canthus was formed by suturing A and C.　Results　After 3 months to 1 year follow-up, all 138 cases received satisfactory  results for suitably exposed lacrimal caruncle and and longer palpebral fissure and  so on. Two eyes were spaced naturally, with  recurrence and slight scars. Conclusion　Epicanthoplasty by removing a modified triangle skin flap has such  advances as easy performance, good effect with slight scars, and it is worth  popularization in clinic. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Research progress on lower limb function influenced by fracture or defect of fibula WANG Yi-bei，XU Dao-rong, FU Mao-qing, QIAN Lei, JIANG Chun-yu, OUYANG Jun Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 109-111.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.023 Abstract （820）            Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Assessments and types of vaginal delivery injury based on the pelvic floor anatomy ZHAO Yu-jiao, CUI Can, SHEN Wen, WU Yan-hong Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 112-113.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.024 Abstract （463）            Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The role of estrogen in osteoarthritis: a systematic review XU Xiao, JIA Zhao-feng, DUAN Li, WANG Da-ping Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 114-116.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.025 Abstract （503）            Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Variation of median nerve and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve: one case report ZHANG Heng, SI Dao-wen Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (1): 117-.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.01.026 Abstract （684）            Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Fracture mapping of proximal femoral lateral wall ZHANG Ying-qi，CHANG Shi-min， XIONG Wen-feng, MA Zhuo， DU Shou-chao， HU Sun-jun Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 121-125.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.001 Abstract （681）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　Using fracture map technology to study characteristics of the proximal femoral wall fracture, providing reference data for clinical and biomechanical studies.　Method　CT data from 96 patients with trochanteric fracture were collected. In the cases with proximal femoral lateral wall fracture, the lateral wall and fracture area (width, height, area, fracture line direction) were measured and fracture mapping was created.　Result　In 96 patients, 56 had lateral wall fractures. 71.4% were A2 type(40 cases). The average width of fractures area was (10.1±6.0) mm, the height was (23.1±11.3) mm, and the area was (158.5±105.2) mm2, accounting for (12.1±8.1)%. The fracture line was (64.6±14.5) ° with the horizontal plane. 28.6% were A3 type (16 cases). The average width of fracture area was (26.0±7.0) mm, height was (38.8±11.7) mm, and area was (860.1±357.0) mm2, accounting for (64.5±25.9)%. The angle of fracture line was (30.2± 39.6) °.　Conclusion　Characteristics of different types of trochanteric fractures of the lateral wall are significantly different. The fracture map can directly display fracture information. The results of this study can provide a reference for the standard fracture model in clinical and experimental study. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The clinical anatomy of the anteromedial neurovascular interval approach of the elbow YANG Xiao-hua，CHEN wei，LI Guo-ping，WANG Jian-ji，ZHAO Hai-tao， SHI Li-tao，CAO Xiang-yu，ZHANG Ying-ze Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 126-129.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.002 Abstract （974）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To study the anatomy of anterior neurovascular and relevant structures of the elbow to provide better surgical approach for the elbow.　Method　The upper extremities of 10 adult cadavers that were fixed by formaldehyde and perfused with latex from the artery, were dissected for observation of anatomic structures of the anteromedial approach of the elbow.  Dissection was performed first in the space between the brachioradialis and the pronator teres to access the neurovascular interval between the medial nerve, and the brachial artery and ulnar artery, though which the median nerve and the brachial artery, radial artery and ulnar artery and their branches were exposed. The radial branches of artery and their diameter in themselves and the ulnar branches of artery were observed and measured, the distance between these branches and the fork of radial and ulnar artery were measured, the median and its branches anatomical characteristics and the distance of no intersecting branches between nerve and artery were observed and measured.　Results　There was no intersecting branches between the median nerve and brachial artery and its average length was 6.04 cm, and the interval between the median nerve and brachial artery was loose and easy to be retracted. The medial branches of the artery were smaller in number and diameter than the lateral branches of the artery, making it easy to retract the artery laterally. The branches of the median nerve almost all extended medially, and the angle between the branch and the main trunk was very small, making them almost parallel. Therefore, the medial retraction of the median nerve can be easy.　Conclusion　The anterior anatomical structures of the elbow can be clearly and easily exposed through the anteromedial neurovascular interval approach, and the vessel and nerve can be protected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Technique of precise anatomical study on the bloodless-surgical approach of inter-prerenal-fascia planes in urological laparoscopic operations Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 130-136.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.003 Abstract （669）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the surgical technique of precise anatomical study on the bloodless-surgical approach of inter-prerenal-fascia planes in urological laparoscopic operations（IpULO）.Methods　Autopsies, 320 slice CT scan images, and clinical laparoscopic surgery cases were included in this study to observe the morphological characteristic of the inter-prerenal-fascia planes.　Results　Inter-prerenal-fascia planes are the multiple-layer and avascular fascia in the anterior space of the kidney filled with spider silk lattice-like white fibrous tissue. There are seven important surgical planes involved in the IpULO procedure, which included from top to bottom: the interfascial plane of the Told’t, the plane between the colonic fusion fascia and the prerenal fusion fascia, the plane between the colonic fusion fascia and the prepancreaticoduodenal fusion fascia, the plane between the prerenal fusion fascia and the postpancreaticoduodenal fusion fascia, the plane between the prerenal fusion fascia and the anterior lamella of renal fascia, the plane between the perirenal fat and the anterior lamella of renal fascia, the subfascial plane of the anterior lamella of renal fascia.　Conclusion　Surgical approach is the key to accurate dissection operations like IpULO. Inter-prerenal-fascia planes are an important anatomical level in IpULO surgeric approach, which could significantly reduce erroneous dissection during IpULO procedure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Adult man Meckel’s diverticulum: one case report FAN Guang-bi, TANG Hua-jun Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 136-.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.028 Abstract （441）            Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select S2 transverse screw fixation of zone Ⅲ fracture of dysmorphic sacra: an anatomical and image study ZHANG An-wei, GAO Shi-chang, TAN Shan, YANG Ming-ming, LU Chao Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 137-143.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.004 Abstract （697）            Knowledge map    Save Objective 　To investigate the safety parameters of S2 transverse screw when the sacroiliac screw cannot be transversely placed into the first sacral(S1) vertebra to fix zone Ⅲ sacral fractures.    Methods    The 3-D models of 96 pelvis were reconstructed by Mimics software based on CT data, and the virtual S1 transverse sacroiliac screws were placed. When the transverse sacroiliac screw cannot be safely inserted in S1, it would be regarded as a dysplasia. There were 34 S1 vertebrae which belonged to the dysplasia group, and the other paired 34 S1 vertebrae according to gender were classified to the normal group. Placement of the S2 transverse sacroiliac screws were simulated in 68 S2 vertebrae, and then the parameters of screw paths were measured respectively. The soft tissues on pelvic surface were generated by Mimics, and then the body surface projections of S2 transverse screw's entry point B, anterior superior iliac spine’s vertex M, iliac crest point N were determined as B1, M1, N1, respectively. At the same time, the lengths of B1M1, B1N1 and M1N1 were measured in section.　Results　There was significant difference in the lengths of the line B1M1, which were (140.94±16.64) mm and (129.37±14.93) mm in male between the normal group and the dysplasia group (P<0.05), and the lengths of the line B1M1 were (143.95±16.27) mm and (132.07±16.84) mm in female with statistical difference between the normal group and the dysplasia group (P<0.05). The lengths of the line B1N1 in the normal group and the dysplasia group were (69.92±6.73) mm and (72.64±7.46) mm in male with no statistical difference (P>0.05), and were (60.80±7.05) mm and (58.85±7.81) mm in female with no statistical difference (P>0.05). The lengths of the line M1N1 were (157.58±16.83) mm and (150.48±13.21)mm in male of the normal group and dysplasia group, which showed no statistical difference (P>0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the lengths of the line M1N1, which were (156.79±15.84) mm and (151.49±16.59) mm in female between the two groups (P>0.05).　Conclusion　When the sacroiliac screw cannot be transversely placed in dysplasia S1 vertebra including lumbosacral transitional vertebrae, sacrum not recessed in pelvis andacute alar slope. A 7.0 mm sacroiliac screw can be inserted in S2 vertebra for fixing zone Ⅲ sacral fractures. Under fluoroscopic monitoring, the body surface entry point of S2 screw can be determined by touching the bony landmarks of the anterior superior iliac spine andiliac crest. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select One case report of ectopic intestinal tract HONG Shao-kun1, YANG Sheng-ping2, JIANG Han1, ZHANG Si-yu1 Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 143-.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.029 Abstract （558）            Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Quantification and distribution of lymph nodes in the central neck compartment: clinical anatomic study ZHANG Hua, LIANG Xiao-yan, WANG Ming-hua, WANG Geng Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 144-146.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.005 Abstract （2653）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To study the quantification and distribution of lymph nodes in central neck compartment(CNC).　Methods　The data of 304 patients who had papillary thyroid cancer that underwent unilateral/bilateral central neck dissection (CND) from June 2013 to June 2016 were analyzed. The fresh CNC specimen was separated into four sublevel (prelaryngeal region, pretracheal region, left paratracheal region, right paratracheal region), and underwent pathologic examination, respectively. The number of lymph nodes was counted.　Results　The lymph nodes yielded in CND were as follows: bilateral CCN: (9.86±3.36)(4~20)； left CCN: (6.24±2.23)(2~14)； right CCN: (7.77±2.79) (2~15). The lymph node distribution of CND was as follows: precricoid region: (1.29±0.75) (0~4); pretracheal region: (2.62±1.26)(0~7); left paratracheal region: (2.38±1.34)(0~6); right paratracheal region: (3.97±1.97)(0~10). The ratio of the four region was 12.69%，24.47%，24.15%，and 38.47%, respectively. The lymph node distribution of the right paratracheal region was as follows: lateral region of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve: (1.35±1.27) (0~6); medial region of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve: (2.64±1.75)(0~9).    Conclusion    Our study was the first one to report  the quantification and distribution of lymph nodes in the central neck compartment in China, which can provide anatomic basis for surgeon during central neck dissection. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The feasibility study of cervical pedicle screwed with new individual-oriented template by 3D printing technology Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 147-150.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.006 Abstract （652）            Knowledge map    Save Objectives　To establish a new individual-oriented template for cervical pedicle screw placement by 3D printing technology, in order to provide an accurate and safe method for cervical internal fixation operation.　Methods　6 cases of adult cervical specimens, and 64-slice spiral CT scanning data was adopted. The 3D digital models of cervical were reconstructed based on the anatomical characteristics of the cervical vertebral lamina. The reverse templates were designed, which reflected accurately morphological features of the posterior cervical spine elements. The navigation modules were obtained with the method of 3D printing, and the direction and depth of screw channel in the operation were ensured. Using 3D printing navigation templates, 24 cervical pedicle screws were inserted. Postoperative CT scan was used to measure the length of each pedicle screw channel and the width of pedicle in order to evaluate the relationship between cervical pedicle and screw position.　Results　The individual 3D printing navigation templates can exactly fuse with the cervical vertebral lamina. Postoperative CT data can confirm that 84 screws are placed entirely within the pedicle. The actual length of pedicle screw insertion was 100%, and the width of pedicle screw insertion was up to 94.05%.　Conclusion　The new 3D printing navigation template of cervical pedicle screw insertion is safe and convenient during the internal fixation operation, and the accuracy of cervical pedicle screw implantation can be improved. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Operation for complicated tibial plateau fractures with digital design and three-dimensional printing technique LI Peng, PENGWen-biao, LI Jian-yi, LIN Gang, HUANG Xu-ke, SUN Xiang-hua, PENG Guo-rui,ZHANG Ting-shuai, WANG Wen-song Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 151-155.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.007 Abstract （585）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To explore the effectiveness of internal fixations for complicated tibial plateau fractures using digital design and three-dimensional printing technique. 　Methods　A retrospective analysis was performed on 40 cases of complicated tibial plateau fractures at our department from October 2013 to September 2015．There were 27 male and 13 female patients．According to the Schatzker classification, there were 19 cases of typeⅣ，15 cases typeⅤ，and 6 cases typeⅥ．Among them, 20 patients (3D group)underwent 3D printing assisted operations for the following procedure: first construct 3D models, followed by virtual fractures reductions for choice of the most appropriate plates and printing of real-size 3D models; Afterwards, the fractures reduction was simulated with prebent plates, and 20 patients (control group) underwent conventional open reduction and internal fixation operations. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding, and incision length in 3D group, and knee functional scores were compared between the two group．Results　All 40 patients were significantly less than those in the control group (P<0.01). Allpatients achieved bony union after follow-up 8~13 months (mean, 10 months). The Rasmussen scores in 3D group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.01).　Conclusion　By using digital design software and three-dimensional (3D) printing technique, we can achieve individualized operation and precise treatment, which can lead to less blood loss and shorter hospital stay. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Clinical application of accurate lumbar pedicle screws placement assisted by 3D printing navigation modules YAN Bin, SUN Yong-jan, OUYANG Han-bin, YANG Yang, WU Yi, LING Qin-jie, HUANG Hua-jun, HUANG Wen-hua Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 156-159.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.008 Abstract （654）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　Lumbar individualized navigation modules were used in clinic to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy.　Methods　we selected two adult patients with lumbar vertebral compression fracture and adopted 3D reconstruction, digital design and 3D printing to make 12 lumbar individualized navigation modules which were applied in operationin order to assist implanting lumbar pedicle screws.  Then, the postoperative X-ray and CT examination were used to evaluate the efficacy of the screws implanting.　Results　A total of 12 lumbar pedicle screws were implanted and all of them were located within the pedicle. The success rate of implantation was 100%.　Conclusion　By means of digital design and 3D printing navigation modules, we can realize accurate andindividualized implanting lumbar pedicle screws. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Effect of nerve growth factor on survival of cross-boundary perforator flap in rats YANG Xi，Li Guo-dong，WANG Teng，HE Xiao-qing，XU Yong-qing Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.009 Select Expression changes of pEGFR after decompression of compressed spinal cord injury in rats GONG Rui, SUN Shan-quan, ZHONG Yuan, ZHANG Wei, ZHAO Qi, MU Ke-jie, XUE Jun Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 166-171.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.010 Abstract （467）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the changes of pEGFR, pAkt1 expression in rat after decompression of compressed spinal cord injury(CSCI), and its correlation with nerve structure and function change，providing experimental basis for the development of therapeutic strategies and the development of medication for the treatment of CSCI after decompression.　Methods　The CSCI model was established first with a self-made device, which then underwent spinal decompression. The motor functions were monitored by Basso, Beattie & Bresnahanlocomotor rating scale. The pathological changes in axonal myelinated fibers were estimated by luxol fast blue (LFB). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and phosphorylated Akt1 (pAkt1) were detected by double-labeling immunofluorescence and western blotting assays.　Results　The motor functions and number of myelinated nerve fibers were increased along with time extending after decompression. The expression of EGFR and pAkt1 was also increased after decompression, which was consistent with the changes of motor functions and number of myelinated nerve fibers.　Conclusion　The structure and function of the injured nerve can be restored to a certain extent, and the expression of pEGFR is closely related to this phenomenon after decompression. It suggests that the activation of EGFR is involved in the endogenous repair of CSCI after decompression. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The expression and cellular distribution of Id2 in myoblast C2C12 under different stimuli LAI Gui-hua, HU Xiao-fang, ZHANG Xiang, LU Xing-hao, YU Peng, YU Lei Chinese Journal Of Clinical Anatomy    2017, 35 (2): 172-176.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2017.02.011 Abstract （610）            Knowledge map    Save Objective　TO observe the expression and distribution of Id2 after myoblasts were induced to proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation with various stimuli.　Methods　Cultured C2C12 cells were treated with 25~300 µmol/L different concentration of H2O2, 100 ng/ml or 500 ng/ml of LPS, and 2% horse serum to induce proliferation, apoptosis or differentiation. After treatment, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression level and the cellular distribution of Id2 in C2C12 cells. Results　After treatment with 25 µmol/l or 50 µmol/l of H2O2, expression of Id2 in C2C12 cells was 80.5% and 55.5%  higher than control cells, and Id2 were present evenly in the both nucleus and cytoplasm. LPS of 100 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml also induced Id2 expression, 21.7% and 40.2% higher than control cells，but at a weaker level, and the majority of Id2 was in the nucleus of C2C12, with the detectable signals in the cytoplasm. On the contrary, with differentiation of C2C12 cells after treatment with 2% horse serum, Id2 expression decreased and most Id2 migrated into cytoplasm.  Conclusion  Different expression and distribution of Id2 could be observed after induction of myoblasts to proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation with various stimuli. And the result has demonstrated that Id2 could regulate regeneration of skeletal muscle. Ithas indicated that Id2 is a very impossible regulatory factor of regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. 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