Volumn Content

Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy 2025 Vol.43 Please wait a minute... For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select Morphological observation and clinical significance of pressure bone trabeculae of femoral head and neck, posteromedial bone cortex of femoral neck and femoral calcar  Li Haiyan, Li Meng, Du Xinru Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 1-8.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.01 Abstract （189）      PDF（pc） （6360KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To explore the morphological characteristics of pressure bone trabeculae of femoral head and neck, posteromedial bone cortex of femoral neck and femoral calcar, in order to provide morphological basis for the pathogenesis of femoral neck fracture.    Methods    A total of 102 femur specimens were collected. X-ray films of the upper end of the femur were taken at anteroposterior, lateral, 45° internal oblique and 45° external oblique, respectively. The position relationship of pressure bone trabeculae, calcar and posteromedial bone cortex of femoral neck were observed. Sixty cases of femoral specimens among them, there were 34 specimens in normal group and 26 cases in osteoporosis group. The head and neck of femur were scanned and reconstructed by CT. The morphological differences of pressure bone trabeculae and calcar were compared between the two groups. Six femur specimens were dissected along the vertical, coronal and sagittal surfaces of the femoral neck to observe the morphological characteristics of pressure bone trabeculae, posteromedial cortex of femoral neck and femoral calcar. The data were analyzed by Graphpad Prismv5.0 software.   Results   The pressure bone trabeculae of head and neck of femur concentrated inward and backward, and it stopped at posteromedial bone cortex of femoral neck and continued with the calcar. The greater intertrochanteric bone trabeculae of femoral calcar emerged outward from femoral calcar and thinned in osteoporosis group. The pressure bone trabeculae was cross-connected with femoral calcar, with an angle of (82.96±2.91)° in normal group and (116.40±3.23)° in osteoporosis group, and the difference was statistically significant. There was statistical difference  in the calcar angle on cross-section between two groups [(17.52±0.71)° in normal group and (13.09±0.90)° in osteoporosis group].    Conclusions    The pressure bone trabeculae of femoral head and neck, as well as the upper end of femoral calcar, are attached to the posteromedial bone cortex of femoral neck. The posteromedial cortex of femur neck and femoral calcar jointly bear compressive stress, and the migration site is the pressure transmission hubs. When osteoporosis occurs, femoral calcar becomes smaller, and the cortical bone at the junction between femoral calcar and pressure bone trabeculae is weaker. These may be one of the mechanisms of osteoporotic head-and-neck femoral neck fracture. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Anatomical observation and clinical significance of the adjacent relationship between the V3 segment and the second cervical nerve  An Leilei, Kong Xiangyu, Liu Pengfei, Zhang Bin, Ma Zhen, Du Xinru Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 9-13.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.02 Abstract （82）      PDF（pc） （6336KB）（30）       Knowledge map    Save Objective  To observe the adjacent relationship between V3v and C2N  so as to provide morphological basis for the pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic arteriopathy (CSA) and both occipitocervical  pain combined with vertigo.   Methods   Thirty-three sides of head-neck specimens were selected for this investigation. The anatomical dissecting and stripping methods were used to expose the C2N and V3v and the adjacent structure. The crossing part of C2N and V3v, range and morphology were observed. Results   The anterior branch of C2N run laterally and crossed with V3v posteriorly in all specimen (33/33, 100%). According to the degree of contacts between C2N and V3v, these crossing relations could be divided into as three types: ① Simple contact crossing type: The original cord-shape anterior branch of C2N crossed with V3v laterally, with a total of 6 sides accounting for 18.2% ; ②Indentation crossing type: The segment of anterior branch of C2N which was crossing with V3v was in flat or longitudinal indentation shape, with a total of 7 sides accounting for 21.2%; ③Semi-circular wrapped crossing type: the anterior branch of C2N become flattened and wrapped the V3v in semi-circular way, with a total of 20 sides accounting for 60.6% . The anterior branches of C2N and V3v crossed each other in 16 sides at right angles, accounting for 48.5%. The diameters of V3v approaching to the crossing part and the crossing part were (3.82±0.07) mm and (3.35±0.05) mm, respectively. The width- diameter of the anterior branch of C2N approaching to the crossing part and the crossing part were (2.38±0.05) mm and (3.53±0.09) mm, respectively. The distances between intersection part and central line was (23.25±0.39) mm, the distance from crossing part to the ipsilateral lateral atlantoaxial joint was (6.26±0.2) mm, and the distance to the ipsilateral zygapophysial joint of C2 and C3 was (11.78±0.3) mm.    Conclusions   The anterior branch of the C2N formed three transverse crossing relationships with V3v, the dominant one among them is the semi-circular wrapped crossing type, this closing adjacent relations may lead the anterior branch of C2N to compresse V3v and may reduce the blood supply to the brain, it may be one of the pathogenesis of CSA and/or may be the morphological basis of hypertension with occipitocervical pain. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Anatomical study on endoscopic expanded transnasal approach for clival region Yin Du, Cen Bo, Chen Yang, Dai Liming, Zhou Junge, Hu Fei Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 14-17.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.03 Abstract （64）      PDF（pc） （2978KB）（37）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To introduce the main anatomical structures of clivus and its adjacent structures, so as to provide guidance for endoscopic expanded transnasal approach for the removal of lesions on the ventral side of clivus and posterior fossa.    Methods    Anatomical studies were conducted on the heads of six cadavers, with blood vessels filling with red and blue silicone. The main anatomical markers were collected and measured under a microscope and an endoscope, respectively.    Results   The vertical distance between the upper edge of petrous bone apex and dural foramen of abducens nerve was (3.51±0.62) mm. The distance between posterior clinoid process and dural foramen of abducens nerve was (13.42±1.32) mm, the distance between dural foramen of abducens nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve was (21.53±1.73) mm, and the distance between hypoglossal nerve canal and glossopharyngeal nerve was (25.62±2.24) mm. The glossopharyngeal nerve foramen were (3.73±0.54) mm above the tip of pharyngeal tubercle. The  transverse distance between  eustachian tube foramen was (23.14±1.15) mm. Conclusions   Endoscopic extend transnasal approach is a feasible method for surgical treatment of ventral clival lesions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Visualization study of three-dimensional reconstruction of sacral vertebra and its cartilage based on continuous thin sectional anatomy dataset in children Zhang Fengzhen, Yin Zhaozheng, Yi Yuying, Li Lei, Zhao Jing, Wang Xing, Li Kun, Li Zhijun, Zhang Shaojie Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 18-25.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.04 Abstract （70）      PDF（pc） （2352KB）（39）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To observe the reconstruction of sacral vertebra and its cartilage based on the continuous ultra-thin sectional anatomical dataset of children, providing 3D visualization models for clinical, teaching and research applications.    Methods   A continuous high-definition sectional anatomy dataset of a 3-year-old girl pelvi in China was obtained by milling the pelvi specimen using cryo-numerical control technology. Then, the software was used to segment the bone, cartilage and intervertebral discs of the sacrum and establish corresponding paths. On this basis, the sacral vertebra model in children was reconstructed and analyzed after reconstruction.Finally, the results of model were compared with the collected pelvic image data of 20 children aged 3 to 4 years to verify its accuracy and effectiveness.  Results    A dataset of ultra-thin and high-definition sectional anatomical images of the pelvic of girls was obtained, and a 3D visual digital model of sacral vertebra and cartilage was constructed in a 3-year-old Chinese girl. The measurement results showed that the anteroposterior diameters of S1-S4 Neurocentral Synchondrosis (NCS) varied from large to small, and the transverse diameters of S1 NCS were significantly larger than those of other sacral vertebra. From S1 to S3, the height of Vertebral Body and Costal Element Cartilage (VB-CEC), perimeter and anteroposterior diameter of VB-CEC gradually decreased from the beginning side to the tail end. The transverse diameter of VB-CEC in S1 was significantly larger than that of VB-CEC in other sacral vertebra. The 3D model was basically consistent with the measurement results of CT image data.    Conclusions   The three-dimensional visualization model of children's sacral vertebra can clearly show the structure and position of sacral vertebra and cartilage, and each cartilage of children's sacral vertebra has developmental anatomical characteristics. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Radiographic observation of cervical immature epiphyseal ring  Xie Siyuan, Lin Yuanxun, Zhang Yunaolong, Feng Ziyu, Li Yikai Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 26-30.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.05 Abstract （48）      PDF（pc） （2277KB）（21）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To investigate the normal developmental process of human cervical epiphyseal ring, so as to provide  basis for the diagnosis of disease and the determination of treatment plan. Methods   Two hundred and fifty patients (98 females and 152 males) who attended Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University to receive cervical X-ray lateral radiographs from January 2015 to December 2023 were retrospectively selected. The anterior and posterior epiphyseal rings below C2 to C7 were divided into four stages according to development stage: cartilage stage, ossification stage, fusion stage, and maturity stage. The height, length, distance from anterior/posterior margin of vertebral body (AP distance), and distance from the inferior margin of vertebral body (CC distance) of epiphyseal rings in the ossification stage were measured, and the correlation between these parameters and age was analyzed. Results    The ossification of epiphyseal ring first occurred on a 3-year-old child. All epiphyseal rings began to ossify in children over 15 years of age. The anterior side below C7 was the earliest to begin ossification, and anterior epiphyseal ring usually ossified earlier than posterior side, but posterior epiphyseal ring fused to vertebral body earlier. In the 25-year age group, 20 % of epiphyseal rings were still not completely fused to vertebral body. The mean height of epiphyseal rings during ossification stage was (0.7±0.3) mm, the mean length was (2.8±1.6) mm, the mean AP distance was (1.3±0.6) mm, and the mean CC distance was (0.4±0.2) mm. In 92 % of epiphyseal rings, the AP distance was not greater than 2.0 mm, and in 99 % of epiphyseal rings, the CC distance was not greater than 1.0 mm. There was no significant correlation between any of the parameters and age.    Conclusions    In this study, the normal developmental process of cervical epiphyseal rings in children in China was derived from the observation of cervical X-ray lateral radiographs, which is helpful for the assessment of individual development in clinical work and guiding the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select MSCT evaluation and clinical application in anatomic classification of bilateral inferior pulmonary veins Wang Juan, Guo Longjun, Teng Jiaqi, Chen Yukun, He Wen Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 31-39.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.06 Abstract （56）      PDF（pc） （5047KB）（32）       Knowledge map    Save Objective     To study the anatomy and drainage pattern of pulmonary veins in the lower lobes of both lungs in healthy people by using multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT), and to elucidate its characteristics, so as to provide basis for the anatomical classification of target veins in anatomic segmental pneumonectomy.    Methods    The CT image data of 200 cases with normal lung were collected, and the venous anatomy and drainage pattern were obtained by VR reconstruction. The occurrence rate of venous classification was observed and counted. Combined with the reconstructed 5 mm axial MIP map, three key observation planes were selected to identify the corresponding subtypes.    Results   V6 could be divided into two types according to the number of stems: single trunk (88%), which was the most common type, and double trunk (12%). In addition, there was an independent segment S* between S6 and S10. There were independent segmental bronchi (B) and arteries (A). The bilateral inferior pulmonary basal veins were characterized by radial arrangement. Most of the branches of the medial basal segment vein (V7) were thin in diameter. The branching patterns of anterior basal segment, lateral basal segment and posterior basal segment veins (V8, V9, V10) could be divided into the following four types: V8+V9 / V10 type, V8 / V9+V10 type, V8+V9+V10 / V10 type, and V8+V9 / V9+V10 type, with different proportion in each type.    Conclusions    The anatomical classification and drainage pattern of pulmonary veins can be used as a routine means of anatomical recognition, which provides basis for the fine anatomical evaluation of pulmonary veins before segmentectomy. The data obtained in this study can be used as a supplement to 3D-CT images, which can help to understand the fine anatomy of target veins and bronchi after segmentectomy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Classification of the Kager fat pad and relationship between Kager fat pad and posterior ankle impingement syndrome Zhang Lei, Tang Xiangyu, Jiang Lu, Yang Siyi, Zhou Xin, Liu Tianyu, Wang Guoyou Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 40-44.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.07 Abstract （54）      PDF（pc） （1719KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To classify the imaging morphologic features of the Karger fat pad (KFP) and to investigate its relationship with posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS).    Methods   A total of 194 Chinese patients with ankle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans between August 2018 and August 2021 were observed. Anatomical parameters included flexor hallucis longus-related length of KFP, KFP height, achilles-related length of KFP, the length of os trigonum, length of posterior inferior tibial process, the shortest distance between KFP and tibia, KFP sagittal area, and os trigonum-calcaneus-tibia angle were measured in T1-weighted MRI.    Results    A total of 194 subjects with os trigonum syndrome were enrolled in this study and there were 106 patients  without PAIS (control group) and 88 patients with PAIS. KFP was categorized into 3 types based on its shape, length, height and sagittal area: type I (triangular), type II (long trapezoidal), type III (short trapezoidal). Among the three KFP types, Type Ⅲ (72, 81.8%) accounted for the greatest number in PAIS group, while Type Ⅰ (43, 40.6%) and Type Ⅱ (55, 51.9%) accounted for the larger proportion in the control group.    Conclusion    There is significant difference in the morphology of the KFP between individuals with and without PAIS. It is assumed that the change of KFP is crucial in the progression of PAIS, and a better understanding of different types of KFP is helpful to study the characteristics of PAIS, which can provide certain basis for clinical diagnosis of PAIS in the early stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Morphological variation of L3 pedicle in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis and its clinical significance Chen Yonglong, Wang Wei, Chen Jionghui, Zhang Zhenwu, Li Jun, Yang Zhichao, Huang Chunming, Li Xiaochuan Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 45-53.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.08 Abstract （55）      PDF（pc） （4174KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To compare the morphological parameters of L3 pedicles between patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) and patients without degenerative lumbar scoliosis (NS) and to analyze their clinical significance.    Methods    DLS imaging data of inpatient treatment in Gaozhou People's Hospital affiliated to Guangdong Medical University from 2018 to 2023 were collected, and patients with similar age, gender, height and weight were matched 1:1 as the control group. The pedicle length (PL), pedicle width (PW), pedicle screw trajectory length (PSTL), pedicle camber angle (PCA), pedicle height (PH) and Cobb angle of L3 vertebral body were measured and collected. The morphological parameters of L3 pedicles were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between lumbar Cobb angle and pedicle morphological parameters was analyzed.    Results    A total of 56 patients with DLS were collected as the DLS group, and 56 patients with NS were matched as control group (NS group). There were no significant differences in sex ratio, age, height, body weight and body mass index between two groups (P>0.05). Compared with NS group, the PL, PW, PCA, and PSTL of pedicles on the L3 convex side of the DLS group were significantly smaller (P<0.05), and PH was not statistically significant (P>0.05). PL and PW of concave pedicle were significantly smaller (P<0.05), while PCA and PSTL were significantly larger (P<0.05), and PH was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with concave side, convex pedicle had longer PL, wider PW, smaller PCA and shorter PSTL than concave pedicles in DLS group (P<0.05), and PH was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Cobb angle in DLS group was negatively correlated with convex pedicle PL, PW, PCA and PSTL. It was negatively correlated with PL and PW in concave pedicles, but positively correlated with PCA and PSTL.  Cobb angle of patients in DLS group was also correlated with the difference of PL, PW, and PSTL on concave side of convex side.   Conclusions    Compared with NS group, the pedicles on L3 convex side of DLS group showed changes of "short", "thin" and "retracted", and the pedicles on concave side showed morphological changes of "short", "thin" and "extended". The concave and convex sides are asymmetrical, among which concave pedicle is the most slender and the camber angle is large, which makes DLS patients more prone to accidents when concave pedicle screw is inserted. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Identification and validation of miRNA hub target genes in esophageal cancer Zhao Tingting, Song Shuang, Shi Ke, Li Xiaoying, Li Panyang, Li Ningning Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 54-62.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.09 Abstract （68）      PDF（pc） （4657KB）（22）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To investigate miRNAs-mRNAs related to the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer, and study the effect of PALB2 on the biological characters of human esophageal cancer EC109 cells.   Methods   The data of esophageal cancer miRNAs were downloaded from GEO and TCGA databases to screen out the intersecting miRNAs. The potential target genes of intersection were predicted by starbase database, and the key target genes were identified by PPI network analysis. Functional enrichment analysis was performed for differential genes and hub target genes in GO and KEGG databases. PALB2 gene with significant prognostic difference was selected for cell test, and PALB2 specific small interfering RNA (si-PALB2) was synthesized and transfected into EC109 cells. The expression level of PALB2 in the cells was detected by RT-qPCR. The effects of PALB2 on cell viability, invasion, migration and apoptosis were investigated by MTT, Transwell and flow cytometry. The expression of cyclin CyclinD1, apoptosis suppressor Bcl-2 and matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 were detected by Western blot.   Results   Bioinformatics analysis showed that miRNAs-mRNAs were involved in the development of esophageal cancer. After PALB2 knockdown, EC109 cell viability, invasion and metastasis ability were significantly decreased, apoptosis ability was significantly increased, and the expressions of cyclinD1, Bcl-2 and MMP-9 were significantly down-regulated.   Conclusions    MiRNAs-mRNAs are biomarkers for predicting the development of esophageal cancer. PALB2 plays a role in promoting cancer in esophageal cancer, and is closely related to the regulation of cyclin, anti-apoptotic protein and invasion and metastasis related protein, which is a potential target for diagnosis and treatment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The mechanism of Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound improving the efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitor by improving CD8+T cell depletion in Lewis lung cancer Mo Juanmei, Zhang Shunrong, Li Jian, Wang Zhenning, Tang Weizhi, Liang Biqi, Pang Yuzhou, Zhou Jianlong, Zhou Shaozhang, Huang Guodong Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 63-68.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.10 Abstract （55）      PDF（pc） （3652KB）（31）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To investigate the effect of Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound on the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells infiltrated by lung cancer and the efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors, and to clarify the possible mechanism.    Methods    MTT and plate cloning were used to detect the effect of Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound on the proliferation of LLC cells of mouse lung cancer. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD8+T and the expression level of PD-L1, and Western blot was used to detect the expression level of protein to preliminarily explore the relevant mechanism. Finally, the synergistic effect of Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound and PD-L1 inhibitor was verified by animal experiments.    Results Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound inhibited the proliferation of LLC cells in mice. In vivo experiments in mice, Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound and PD-L1 inhibitor could play a synergistic anti-tumor effect. Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound delayed the depletion of CD8+ T cells and inhibited the expression of PD-L1. Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound could reduce the activity of PI3K/AKT pathway.    Conclusions    Zhuang Medicine Fuzheng Compound can delay CD8+ T cell depletion and inhibit PD-L1 expression, and enhance the efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer, which may be related to the reduction of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Experimental study on the effect of autologous ligamenta flava on TGF-β1 /Smad3 signaling pathway on epidural fiber scar formation in rabbits Wang Peng, Zhang Debao, Zhang Yang, Zhang Haibin, Shi Jia, Zhang Shaojie, Li Shuwen, Wu Yimin Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 69-75.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.11 Abstract （53）      PDF（pc） （2689KB）（18）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To explore the relationship between the formation of epidural fiber scar and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway after lumbar spine surgery inhibited by autologous ligamenta flava by comparing the protein expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3, the corresponding mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3 at 3 and 6 weeks after laminectomy in different groups of rabbits.   Methods    Forty-eight old Japanese white rabbits, aged 6 to 8 months, purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Inner Mongolia Medical University were divided into the following group: a retention of ligamenta flava group, an autologous fat replacement group and a non- retention of ligamenta flava group. Surgical modeling was performed for different groups. After operation, the experimental animals in each group were fed for 3 weeks and 6 weeks respectively and killed (8 animals in 3 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively). The protein content and mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in samples of each group were determined by Western-blot quantitative analysis and RT-PCR, and the above data were compared between groups to analyze their differences.   Results   ①Western-blot analysis results: The expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in the retention group were lower than those in the non-retention group and the fat group at 3 and 6 weeks (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the non-retention group and the fat group. ② RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in the retention group were significantly lower than those in the non-retention group and the fat group at 3 and 6 weeks (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the non-retention group and the fat group.    Conclusions    After lumbar surgery, different degrees of epidural fiber scar will form. Intraoperative retention of autologous ligamenta flava can reduce the formation of epidural fibroblasts by the mechanism related to the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Finite element analysis of different positions of TVT and TVT-O in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in elderly women Li Weijun, Zhou Yi, Wu Jianhui, Chen Lihua, Liu Haiying, Zhai Lidong Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 76-81.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.12 Abstract （58）      PDF（pc） （2052KB）（43）       Knowledge map    Save Objective   To simulate common sling surgeries for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in elderly women using finite element analysis methods: tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) and tension-free vaginal tape - obturator (TVT-O), and to evaluate their therapeutic effects at different positions of urethra. Methods    A pelvic geometry model was constructed based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of a woman without pelvic floor diseases. The thinning of elderly vaginal tissue was considered as a reduction in tissue stiffness. Abdominal pressure was applied to simulate valsalva maneuver, and TVT and TVT-O were placed at the proximal, mid-distal, and distal parts of urethra, respectively, to obtain mechanical data. Results    The sling at the proximal part of urethra would lead to the α-angle and bladder neck displacement less than normal values. The "funnel" phenomenon disappeared when the sling was located at the proximal and mid-distal parts of urethra, but still existed when located at the distal part; the pressure magnitude between the sling and urethra at different positions was: proximal > mid-distal > distal.   Conclusions   The sling at the proximal part of urethra (30%) is prone to cause excessive tightness of urethra, leading to postoperative complications, the sling at the distal part of urethra (80%) has poor therapeutic effect, the sling at the mid-distal part of urethra (60%) has a good therapeutic effect and a low incidence of postoperative complications. The placement of TVT at the mid-distal part of urethra should be the preferred surgical method for elderly women with SUI. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Comparative study on the efficacy of retrograde and anterograde tibial intramedullary nails in the treatment of distal tibial extra-articular fractures Xu Zunying, Liu Hui, Xu Weizhen, Zhang Jinhui, Xiong Yuanfei, Zhuang Ping, Lin Jinhe, Wu Jin Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 82-89.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.13 Abstract （49）      PDF（pc） （5812KB）（29）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To compare the clinical efficacy of retrograde tibial intramedullary nail and antegrade tibial intramedullary nail in the treatment of patients with extra-articular distal tibial fractures. Methods    A retrospective review was conducted for 56 patients admitted to our department with extra-articular distal tibial fractures between August 2020 to August 2022. Twenty-three patients were treated with retrograde intramedullary nail fixation and 33 patients were treated with anterograde intramedullary nail fixation. Baseline characteristics, surgical time, fluoroscopy frequency, hospital stay, fracture healing time, complete weight-bearing time, distal tibial articular surface angulation, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score at the last follow-up, and other complications were recorded and compared between the two groups.    Results    All patients were followed up for 12-20 months. In the retrograde intramedullary nail group, the average distance of the fracture line to the distal tibial articular surface was shorter than that of the anterograde intramedullary nail group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in other general clinical data between the two groups of patients. The average number of fluoroscopy times in the anterograde intramedullary nail group was higher than that in the retrograde intramedullary nail group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.001). The complete weight-bearing time and fracture healing time of the retrograde intramedullary nail group were better than those of the anterograde intramedullary nail group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.002 and P=0.018). There were 4 cases of postoperative complications in the retrograde intramedullary nail group and 10 cases in the anterograde intramedullary nail group, with no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications.   Conclusions    Both retrograde and antegrade intramedullary nails are effective methods for treating extra-articular distal tibial fractures. Retrograde intramedullary nails have the advantages of number of intraoperative fluoroscopy, complete weight-bearing time, and fracture healing time. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The application of digital positioning combined with 3D printed percutaneous puncture guide plate in the treatment of femoral neck fractures He Yibo, Luo Zhangfeng, Tian Yu, Jiang Shuai, Xie Longhui, Shao Yiwen, Li Li , Rao Libing Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 90-96.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.14 Abstract （40）      PDF（pc） （2080KB）（27）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To study the application value and clinical effect of digital positioning combined with 3D printed technology in the treatment of femoral neck fracture with screw internal fixation.  Methods    Thirty-six patients undergoing internal fixation for femoral neck fracture in our hospital between 2022 and 2023 were randomly divided into a 3D group and a traditional group, with 18 patients in each group. The traditional group used traditional freehand nailing, and the 3D group applied digital positioning combined with 3D printed guide plate for internal fixation surgery. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, times of K-wire puncture, intraoperative X-ray exposure times, imaging index, and follow-up results were compared between the two groups.    Results    The intraoperative blood loss, mean surgical operation time, intraoperative X-ray exposure times and times of K-wire puncture in 3D group were lower than those of the traditional group (P<0.001). The imaging evaluation result showed that the screw spacing, angle between screw and femoral neck axis in the 3D group were lower than those of the traditional group. The ratio of screw distribution area and the distance from screw to cervical cortex in in the 3D group was higher than those of the traditional group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no statistical differences in the length of hospitalization, time of complete weight-bearing activity, complete healing of the fracture, and occurrence of complications, no cases of femoral head necrosis at the last follow-up between the two groups (P>0.05). There were no statistical differences in Harris scores at 1, 3, and 6 months and the last follow-up (P>0.05).    Conclusions    Digital positioning technology combined with 3D printed percutaneous puncture guide plate in the treatment of femoral neck fracture internal fixation, can significantly improve the surgical accuracy and reduction quality, and reduce the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy times and number of Kirschner needle puncture. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Surgical efficacy and prognosis follow-up study of electrophysiological monitoring microsurgical methods for the treatment of spinal cord intramedullary tumors Liu Longqi, Shi Liang, Wang Keda, Su Yibing Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 97-101.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.15 Abstract （47）      PDF（pc） （1017KB）（16）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To explore the impact of using neurophysiological monitoring during spinal cord intramedullary tumor resection surgery on surgical outcomes and patient prognosis.    Methods    A retrospective study was conducted on 92 patients with spinal cord intramedullary tumors who underwent microsurgical resection treatment at Beijing Jishuitan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2018 to December 2020. Among them, 48 patients received traditional microsurgical resection treatment (control group), while the other 44 patients received microsurgical resection treatment + neurophysiological monitoring (combination group). The surgical resection effects, spinal cord function evaluation at different times before and after surgery, clinical symptoms and postoperative occurrence at 3 years were compared between the two groups.   Results    There was no statistical difference in total tumor resection rate between the combined group and control group (P>0.05). Before surgery, there was no statistical difference in the incidence of sensory dysfunction, motor dysfunction, pain and sphincter dysfunction between the combination group and the control group (P>0.05). The incidence of sensory dysfunction and motor dysfunction in combined group patients at 6 months and 3 months after surgery were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). Before surgery, there was no statistical difference in the composition of the McCormick grading of spinal cord function between combination group and control group (P>0.05). After 6 months of postoperative evaluation, the McCormick grading of spinal cord in combination group was better than that in the control group (P<0.05). After a 3-year follow-up, the recurrence rate in combination group was 6.82%, while the recurrence rate in control group was 12.50%. There was no statistical difference in the recurrence rate between two groups (P>0.05).    Conclusions    The use of neurophysiological monitoring during spinal cord intramedullary tumor resection surgery is more conducive to reducing spinal cord injury caused by surgery, promoting postoperative recovery of motor and sensory functions and spinal cord function in patients, but it has little impact on the prognosis of patients. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Research progress on ferroptosis-mediated intervertebral disc degeneration Deng Zongyuan, Chen Chong, Liang Guoyan, Ye Yongyu, Yu Zhengran, Yu Tao, Wang Lutong, Liang Changxiang, Chang Yunbing Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 102-106.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.16 Abstract （39）      PDF（pc） （796KB）（12）       Knowledge map    Save  Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common lesion in spinal surgery, which often leads to spinal degenerative diseases such as spinal stenosis and disc herniation. As age increases, its prevalence is on the rise. The pathogenesis of IVDD is complex and unclear, and there are currently no effective treatments. Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides and plays an important role in the development of many diseases. Recent studies have found that ferroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of IVDD, but its mechanism of action in IVDD has not yet been fully understood. This article reviewed the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis, the relationship between ferroptosis and IVDD, and its clinical application potential, aiming to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of IVDD. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Research progress of screw-rod internal fixation technique optimization with posterior atlantoaxial fixation fusion Chen Zexing, Zou Xiaobao, Zhu Changrong, Yang Haozhi , Lian Peirong, Ma Rencai, Chen Junlin, Ma Xiangyang Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 107-111.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.17 Abstract （37）      PDF（pc） （613KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save Atlantoaxial dislocation is one of the most common diseases of upper cervical vertebrae, and screw rod internal fixation has become the most widely used technique for posterior approach of atlantoaxial vertebrae. In recent years, a large number of studies have optimized the posterior atlantoaxial screw rod system, which has increased the safety of screw placement, the stability of internal fixation system and the ability of reduction. Through a comprehensive review of the pertinent literature on the optimization of posterior atlantoaxial screw-rod internal fixation technique both domestically and internationally over recent years, this paper reviews the evolution, characteristics, and optimization strategies of various commonly employed atlantoaxial screw placement technique, with the aim of assisting clinical decision-making in the management of atlantoaxial dislocation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Research progress on vertebral cartilage development-related molecules in the pathogenesis of congenital scoliosis Zhao Xingchen, Ye Yongyu, Dai Jingxing, Yu Tao, Cheng Xing, Yin Dong, Ouyang Jun, Chang Yunbing, Chen Chong Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 112-115.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.18 Abstract （39）      PDF（pc） （547KB）（13）       Knowledge map    Save The vertebral body originates from the body segments and is an important part of spine. Its developmental abnormalities are related to various diseases such as congenital scoliosis (CS). During human embryonic development, mesenchymal cells derived from somites differentiate into vertebral cartilage cells and then ossify to form vertebral bodies. During this process, vertebral cartilage development is coordinated and regulated by a variety of molecular signals. However, there is no comprehensive review on the relationship between the development process of vertebral cartilage and the pathogenic factors of CS. Therefore, we summarized the molecular mechanisms related to the development of vertebral cartilage and CS, and elucidated the molecular regulation behind the pathogenic factors of CS, in order to find clinical better methods to treat CS provide theoretical basis and research direction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Fetal pulmonary artery sling complicated with multiple cardiovascular malformations: a case report Lv Yang, Wang Yu, Zhang Ping-feng, Zhang Zeyu, Yang Wencheng, Fu Heng Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (1): 116-117.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.1.19 Abstract （70）      PDF（pc） （1464KB）（27）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Expert consensus on lymphatic surgical treatment for Alzheimer's disease（2025 edition） Xie Qingping, Wang Yilong, Pan Weiren, Yang Xiaodong, Guo Hui, Xiao Ming, Wang Haiwen, Mao Zhiqi, Zheng Xiaoju, Fu Xiaohong, Liu Jun, Xiong Lingyun, Xu Zhipeng, Lu Yun, Yuan Xueqian, Hou Jianxi, Pan Yuesong Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 121-127.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.01 Abstract （37）      PDF（pc） （716KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Innovative surgical approach for the treatment of secondary limb lymphedema    Xie Qingping, Wu Jianlong, Suo Yan, Wang Haiwen, Shi Zetian Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 128-132.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.02 Abstract （13）      PDF（pc） （2991KB）（7）       Knowledge map    Save Objective   To introduce the Xie's 1+X surgical approach, a lymphatic microsurgical technique that combines multiple local lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) at key points for the treatment of secondary lymphedema.   Methods   From January 2023 to June 2024, a total of 11 patients who developed secondary lymphedema after tumor resection combined with lymphadenectomy were treated using the Xie's 1+X surgical approach. The onset of lymphedema after tumor surgery ranged from 7 to 190 months, with an average of 24.5 months. The duration of lymphedema before surgical intervention ranged from 10 to 185 months, with an average of 42.6 months. All patients underwent treatment using the Xie's 1+X surgical technique. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 2 to 12 months, with an average of 6.5 months. Results   The severity of limb lymphedema, the stage of the affected limb, and the presence and timing of secondary cellulitis were recorded before and after surgery. Follow-up evaluations were conducted at preoperative baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. There were significant differences in comparative analysis of preoperative and postoperative indicators (P<0.05).    Conclusions    The Xie's 1+X microsurgical technique is an effective approach for addressing both the underlying causes and manifestations of secondary lymphedema. It offers significant advantages, including high treatment efficacy, minimal surgical incisions, and shorter operative time, making it a promising surgical option for secondary lymphedema management. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Application of venous lymph node transplantation combined with LVA for the treatment of secondary upper limb lymphedema   Wu Jianlong, Xie Qingping, Zhu Ziguan, Lu Hongrui, Chen Boda, Yang Xiaodong Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 133-137.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.03 Abstract （10）      PDF（pc） （1804KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save Objective  To explore the surgical method and clinical efficacy of venous lymph node transplantation (VLNT) combined with lymphatic vein anastomosis (LVA) for the treatment of secondary upper limb lymphedema.   Methods   From August 2021 to June 2024, our hospital treated 16 patients with secondary upper limb lymphedema using venous lymph node transplantation (VLNT) combined with LVA. All patients underwent preoperative measurements of the circumference of both upper limb arms, with measurements taken every 5cm from the wrist to the axilla, and data was recorded. All patients underwent high-frequency color Doppler ultrasound lymphatic examination and indocyanine green (ICG) near-infrared lymphatic imaging examination before surgery to locate and mark functional lymphatic vessels in the limbs and lymphatic obstruction areas in the axilla. The inguinal lymph node tissue flap (3-4 lymph nodes) containing superficial venous vessels were cut and transplanted to the axilla of the affected limb for flow-through anastomosis of the superficial vein and recipient vein. Based on preoperative lymphatic vessel localization, a small longitudinal incision (2-3 cm) was made to cut through the skin to the fat layer, and functional lymphatic vessels were selected for anastomosis with subcutaneous veins under a microscope. The circumference of the upper limb arm of the affected limb after surgery was measured and recorded using the same method.    Results    All 16 patients had unilateral upper limb lymphedema, aged 52-78 years old. All patient incisions healed well. The follow-up period was 6-24 months (average 12 months), and the edema of the affected limb was significantly reduced before surgery. The measured circumference of the affected limb in different planes was significantly reduced compared to before surgery (P<0.05). The upper limb activity function has improved compared to before surgery, and the patient was satisfied with the recovery.  Conclusions   The combination of venous lymph node transplantation and LVA treatment for secondary upper limb lymphedema can significantly reduce limb edema, improve patient's limb function, and achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Clinical outcomes and short-term follow-up of deep cervical lymphatic-venous anastomosis in the treatment of Parkinson's disease Wang Haiwen, Xie Qingping, Wu Jianlong, Shi Zetian, Wen Jiarong Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 138-142.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.04 Abstract （24）      PDF（pc） （2277KB）（22）       Knowledge map    Save Objective  To investigate the clinical efficacy of deep cervical lymphatic-venous anastomosis (dcLVA) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, evaluating postoperative improvements in both motor and cognitive impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods From April 2024 to December 2024, 8 patients with Parkinson's disease underwent dcLVA at Chashan Hospital in Dongguan. Under indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence navigation, the deep cervical lymphatic system was visualized. Lymphatic vessels in ICG-stained cervical lymph node zones II and III were selected for end-to-end anastomosis with adjacent veins, or lymph nodes in zone IV were selected for end-to-side anastomosis with the external jugular vein trunk. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was used to measure and assess patients at predetermined time points before and after surgery. Results None of the 8 surgical patients experienced severe complications. Postoperative follow-up results showed significant improvements in motor dysfunction, including enhanced gait stability, reduced tremors, and improved motor coordination. Additionally, cognitive impairments such as sleep quality, emotional stability, and olfactory and gustatory functions also demonstrated some degree of improvement. Conclusions dcLVA improves intracranial lymphatic circulation, reduces intracranial lymphatic pressure, and promotes the clearance of brain metabolic proteins, thereby alleviating clinical symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. This provides a novel approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Classification and clinical significance of lymphatic vessel ultrasound contrast in limb lymphedema Li Sushu, Liu Hongmei, Xu Ming, Li Wenjing, Zhu Lilin, Zuo Jieyi, Xu Zhili, He Yanni Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 143-146.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.05 Abstract （12）      PDF（pc） （1272KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To explore the anatomical basis based on ultrasound angiography (CEUS) for limb lymphatic vessel venous anastomosis (LVA).   Methods    Twenty-five patients with secondary lymphatic vessel edema were prospectively included, 84 surgical sites before and after LVA operation, and the influence of different lymphatic vessel classification on surgical efficacy was compared.   Results   There was some differences in anastomotic patency after LVA.  Conclusion  The lymphocyte classification and auxiliary positioning technique based on CEUS can significantly improve the accuracy and therapeutic effect of LVA surgery. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Establishment of an animal model for deep cervical lymphaticovenous anastomosis in rats Wu Jianlong, Xie Qingping, Chen Boda, Zhu Ziguan, Yang Xiaodong Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 147-150.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.06 Abstract （15）      PDF（pc） （1776KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To establish a rat model of deep neck lymphatic vein anastomosis with complex anatomy and repeatable operation in response to the training needs of experimental animal microsurgery techniques, in order to enhance the operational ability of microsurgery physicians in lymphatic vein anastomosis in the deep neck anatomical area.    Methods   Twenty 4-5 week old SPF grade male SD rats (weighing approximately 100 g) were selected and anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (45 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection, and then fixed in a supine position. Diluted indocyanine green (ICG) 0.05-0.1 mL (concentration: 0.1 mg/mL) was injected under the nasal mucosa to visualize lymphatic vessels, make a 1.5 cm incision along the midline of the neck, and intraoperative fluorescence imaging technology was used to expose deep cervical lymphatic vessels and external jugular veins. Lymphatic vein end-to-end anastomosis or end-to-end anastomosis at a magnification of 25 times was performed.   Results   The average diameter of the candidate lymphatic vessels in the deep neck was 0.18 mm (0.1-0.4 mm), and the diameter of the venous vessels was (0.6-1.2) mm. 20 cases of anastomosis were completed, with an immediate lymphatic vein recanalization rate of 95% (19/20) and 1 failure.   Conclusions   This model can simulate the clinical scenario of deep neck lymphatic vein anastomosis, and has both anatomical preparation and operational repeatability, providing an operable animal model for training deep neck lymphatic vein anastomosis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Recent advances in anatomy of central nervous lymphatic system and the relationship between it and nervous system diseases Fan Yongyan, He Peikun, Li Yanyi, Wang Lijuan, Nie Kun Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 151-156.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.07 Abstract （11）      PDF（pc） （1494KB）（8）       Knowledge map    Save Central nervous lymphatic system is an important breakthrough in neuroscience research in recent years. The anatomical structure of central nervous lymphatic system mainly includes glial lymphatic system formed around blood vessel wall of astrocyte foot process, and meningeal lymphatic vessels associated with meningeal venous sinus, which have metabolic waste clearance, immune function, signal transduction, material transport and drug delivery, and are regulated by AQP4, hemodynamics, sleep, and circadian rhythm and other factors. At the same time, the system is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases, central nervous system demyelinating diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and other neurological diseases. This review focuses on anatomical structure, function, and role of nervous system diseases, and summarizes the research progress in recent years. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Three-dimensional reconstruction of micro blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic system in the hepatopancreatic ampulla Liu Jiannan, Zhang Weina, Wang Sangui, Liu Yan, Shi Yulian, Liu Jiaxuan, Li Xiangtian, Xiao Zhaoming, Feng Xiaohui, Huang Wenhua, Dai Jingxing, Li Yanbing Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 157-163.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.08 Abstract （8）      PDF（pc） （6413KB）（8）       Knowledge map    Save Objectives    To clarify the branches, distribution, arrangement and quantitative relationship of micro arteries, veins, sympathetic nerves and lymphatic vessels around the hepatopancreatic ampulla.   Methods   375 continuous paraffin tissue sections were divided into three groups: those in the first group were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), those in the second group with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibody, and those in the third group with anti-lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1 (LYVE1) antibody staining. The scanning data of the slides were registered by Photoshop and  the scanned data slices were superimposed，divided and 3D reconstructed by using Mimics 21.0. The distribution and anastomosis of arteries, veins, sympathetic nerves, lymphatic vessels, as well as their branches around the hepatopancreatic ampulla were analyzed in the three-dimensional models. The relationships among these four structures were also analyzed.   Results   The micro arteries and veins in the region of hepatopancreatic ampulla accompanied each other, bending walked around the ampulla and closely adhering to it. Sympathetic nerve  tracts were clearly distributed around the hepatopancreatic ampulla and were accompanied by the vascular bundles. Lymphatic vessels and blood vessels were concomitant, surrounding the surface of the hepatopancreatic ampulla and lymph nodes. The structure of the two muscle layers of the hepatopancreatic ampulla was clearly distinguished.   Conclusions   This study provides accurate anatomical basis for the diagnosis and surgery of extrahepatic biliary tract and gallbladder diseases.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Quantitative analysis of inferior turbinate mucosa with compensatory hypertrophy in patients with deviated nasal septum by MSCT Hu Ruili, Zhang Xiaochen, Xu Xiaoyan, Li Zefei, Ding Yongqing, Xie Qi, Zhang Qingjun, Xue Gang Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 164-167.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.09 Abstract （8）      PDF（pc） （1165KB）（4）       Knowledge map    Save Objective   To investigate the features of compensatory hypertrophy of inferior turbinate mucosa in different course of deviated nasal septum.   Methods  The preoperative sinuses computed tomography (CT) images of 65 patients with deviated nasal septum in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups according to the course of disease: group A for 1~5 years, group B for 6~10 years, and group C for more than 10 years. Thickness and density of the lateral mucosa of the inferior turbinate were measured and compared among all groups.   Results   The thickness of lateral mucosa of the inferior turbinate was (4.2±0.8) mm, (5.2±0.7) mm and (4.7±1.3) mm, respectively in the three groups. Thickness of lateral mucosa of inferior turbinate in group B was thicker than that of group A and group C, and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). The mucosal density of the medial side of the inferior turbinate in patients with course of disease from 1~5 years, 6~10 years and more than 10 years gradually increased, and was (38.6±7.1) HU, (49.7±4.5) HU, 56.7 (41.6, 59.3) HU, and with statistical difference respectively(P<0.05).   Conclusions   There are morphological differences in the compensatory hypertrophy of inferior turbinate mucosa in patients with different course of disease, which may reflect the pathological characteristics of inferior turbinate mucosa hypertrophy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Activation, subcellular localization, and 3D reconstruction of NLRP3 inflammasome in skeletal muscle fibers  Li Yangyang, Jian Xiaoting, Huang Jingwen, Wang Qisen, Gui Weichao, Zhang Xiaolong, Zhao Ziwei, Hu Jijie, Liao Hua Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 168-174.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.10 Abstract （8）      PDF（pc） （6116KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To investigate the activation, subcellular localization, and 3D reconstruction of the NLRP3 inflammasome within muscle fibers under in vitro inflammatory conditions.  Methods C2C12 cells were cultured in vitro and differentiated with horse serum. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Nigericin (Nig) were used to stimulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in C2C12 myotubes. qPCR and Western blot were employed to analyze the gene and protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1.  Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to assess NLRP3 and ASC aggregation and co-localization. Confocal microscopy and Imaris software were used to visualize and reconstruct the associations of aggregated NLRP3 and ASC with specific organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.   Results In vitro, LPS/Nig co-stimulation increased the gene and protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in muscle fibers, with cytoplasmic aggregation of NLRP3 and ASC observed. The mitochondrial functional molecule TOM20 and Golgi marker TGN38 were significantly upregulated, and co-localization was detected between aggregated NLRP3, ASC, and both mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus.   Conclusions LPS/Nig stimulation induces activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in skeletal muscle fibers. The activated components of the NLRP3 inflammasome are closely associated with mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Efficient establishment of human pre-B lymphocyte RAG1 c.946T>G point mutation cell line using optimized Cas9 RNP technology and its function analysis Liu Yongxiang, Liu Caifeng, Li Zishuo, Li Yunshi, Chen Xingmei, Zhou Na, Zhou Shaohu, Huang Xuekun Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 175-182.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.11 Abstract （10）      PDF（pc） （3322KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save Objective   Using enhanced CRISPR/Cas9 technology (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, CRISPR), to construct an efficient method for producing a human pre-B lymphocyte line with the recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1) c.946 T>G point mutation by delivering a novel Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex and investigate the mutant's function.   Methods   Human pre-B lymphocyte cell line (Nalm6 cell) was employed as the research subject in this study. RNP complexes were generated in vitro by combining high-fidelity HIFI Cas9 protein with chemically modified gRNA (gRNA). Using nuclear transfection technique, RNP and ultramer single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (Ultramer-ssODNs) homologous templates containing RAG1 c.946T>G target mutation and synonymous mutation (C>A) were introduced into cells to induce RAG1 gene cleavage and recombination. The gene editing efficiency was detected by T7E I digestion assay, and monoclonal screening was performed by counting dilution method. Genotypes were identified by Sanger sequencing.  Results Ultimately, the RAG1 (c.946T>G) homozygous point mutation cell line was successfully constructed, and the cleavage efficiency reached 78.21%. Additionally, a high percentage of 33.33% (4/12) of the desired monoclonal was acquired using monoclonal selection. Preliminary functional investigations revealed that the c.946T>G point mutation decreased expression of RAG1 and RAG2 proteins in pre-B cells and increased apoptosis rate, which could explain the decrease in the generation of mature B lymphocytes.   Conclusions  This study's optimized Cas9 RNP technology effectively produce the RAG1 c.946T>G homozygous point mutation in the pre-B lymphocyte line, providing experimental basis for the creation of a single base mutation disease model as well as a novel technique for enhancing edit accuracy and improving transfection efficiency. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The effects of rhBNP on cardiac remodeling, angiogenesis, and the NF2/Mst1 signaling pathway in rats with acute myocardial infarction Mu Huaibin, Li Jing, Li Yan, Lu Feng, Zhai Mengen Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 183-189.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.12 Abstract （8）      PDF（pc） （2964KB）（4）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To investigate the effects of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide (rhBNP) on cardiac remodeling, angiogenesis, and the NF2/Mst1 signaling pathway in rats with acute myocardial infarction.    Methods    According to random number method, 50 male rats were divided into sham operation group, model group, the low, medium and high dose rhBNP groups (10 rats  separately). Acute myocardial infarction models were established in the remaining rats except the sham group. After successful modeling, the rats in the low, medium and high dose rhBNP groups were injected with 5, 10 or 15μg/kg rhBNP solution in the jugular vein, and the other rats were injected with equal volume of normal saline. LVIDd, LVIDs, LVEDV, LVESV were detected by cardiac ultrasound. LVEDP and ±dp/dt max were detected by BL-420 biological function test. BW, THW/BW, LVW/BW were tested. TUNEL was used to detect the apoptosis rate of myocardial cells. Myocardial angiogenesis was detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expressions of NF2, Mst1, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blot.    Results    Compared with the sham group, rats in the model group showed increased LVIDd, LVIDs, LVEDV, LVESV, LVEDP, THW/BW, LVW/BW, myocardial cell apoptosis rate, and increased expression of NF2, Mst1, Bax (P<0.05), while ±dp/dt max and Bcl-2 expression decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, rats in the low, medium, and high-dose rhBNP groups showed decreased LVIDd, LVIDs, LVEDV, LVESV, LVEDP, THW/BW, LVW/BW, cell apoptosis rate, and decreased expression of NF2, Mst1, Bax (P<0.05), while ±dp/dt max and Bcl-2 expression increased (P<0.05).    Conclusions    rhBNP can significantly improve cardiac remodeling in rats with acute myocardial infarction, reduce myocardial cell apoptosis, and promote angiogenesis in myocardial tissue, which may be related to the activity inhibition of NF2/Mst1 signaling pathway. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Effect of osteoporosis on proliferation, migration and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Shi Yulian, Liu Wenqing, Fan Tingyu, Liu Jiaxuan, Ouyang Jun, Dai Jingxing Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 190-194.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.13 Abstract （10）      PDF（pc） （3865KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To study the effect of osteoporosis on the proliferation and differentiation of mouse  bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs), and to provide theoretical and experimental support for the treatment of osteoporosis.    Methods    Thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham operation group and operation group. Sham operation group only removed the fat around the ovary, and operation group removed the ovary. mBMSCs were taken from the femur and tibia of mice and cultured 8 weeks after operation to observe the changes of proliferation and differentiation.    Results   The proliferation and migration ability of mBMSCs in osteoporosis mice were decreased. The results of alkaline phosphatase staining showed that mBMSCs had decreased osteogenic differentiation ability in osteoporosis mice. Conclusions    The proliferation, migration, and differentiation ability of mBMSCs in osteoporotic mice were decreased. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on ovarian transplantation in rats after radiotherapy  Wang Lijun, Yao Liang, Xiao Zhongqing Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 195-200.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.14 Abstract （7）      PDF（pc） （1998KB）（3）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To evaluate the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) on ovarian transplantation after radiotherapy.   Methods   40 female Wistar inbred rats were randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 20 rats in each group. BMSC were isolated from 10 rats and cultured and identified. The rats in control group received ovarian transplantation +200 cGy radiation + phosphate buffer solution, and the rats in observation group received ovarian transplantation +200 cGy radiation +BMSC transplantation. The general condition and adverse reactions of rats were observed 1 month after transplantation, and all rats were killed. The serum levels of estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The apoptosis of rat ovarian granulosa cells was detected by in situ end transferase labeling technique. Results The immunophenotype of P3 BMSC showed that the high expression rates of surface markers CD44 (+) and CD90 (+) were 78.04% and 75.17% of cultured cells, respectively. In addition, the expression rates of CD45 (+) and CD34 (+) were relatively low, only 8.05% and 10.40%. After BMSC transplantation, the diet, fur, behavior and mental state of rats in the observation group recovered faster than that in the control group, the body weight increased significantly (P<0.05), and the adverse reaction rate was lower (P=0.028). In addition, compared with the control group, the serum E2 level of rats in the observation group was significantly increased, and the LH and FSH levels were significantly decreased (P<0.001). At the same time, the apoptosis rate of ovarian granulosa cells in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, with statistical significance (P<0.001).  Conclusions  BMSC can play a protective role after radiotherapy for ovarian transplantation, increase the level of serum E2, decrease the level of LH and FSH, and inhibit the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select The mechanism of LINC00626 regulating gastric cancer metastasis through JAK1 / STAT3 / KHSRP signaling axis Zhao Xia, Kang Xia, Fan Linlin, Wang Xiaolong, Li Li, Wei Haitao Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 201-211.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.15 Abstract （8）      PDF（pc） （14586KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To investigate the potential mechanism of LINC00626-targeted regulation of the JAK1/STAT3/KHSRP axis in the malignant biological behavior of gastric cancer.   Methods   qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of LINC00626 and KHSRP mRNA in gastric cancer cell lines (AGS, MGC-803, NCI-87, BGC-823, MNK-45, SGC-7901) and human normal gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) and 120 cases of gastric cancer tissue specimens and normal tissue specimens. The biological characteristics of cell proliferation, migration and invasion were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), scratch and Transwell migration/invasion assays, respectively. The expression levels of JAK/STAT and KHSRP proteins in stably transfected cells were detected by Western blot. The role of LINC00626 in vivo was analyzed in nude mice. Results   qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of LINC00626 and KHSRP in gastric cancer cell lines (AGS, MGC-803, NCI-87, BGC-823, MNK-45, SGC-7901) and tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in human normal gastric cancer cells (GES-1) and tissues. Cell function experiments showed that LINC00626 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cell lines MNK-45 and SGC-7901, and KHSRP was able to restore the ability of proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells with knockdown of LINC00626. The results of in vivo animal experiments showed that, compared with the sh-NC group, the tumor volume and weight, cell proliferation rate and the number of lung metastases of gastric cancer in the sh-LINC00626 group were significantly reduced, while the overexpression results were opposite. Signaling pathway experiments showed that compared with the sh-NC group, the expression levels of JAK1 and STAT3 mRNA in the sh-LINC00626 group showed a significant downward trend, while the results in the overexpression group were opposite. Compared with the sh-NC group, the expression of JAK1 and STAT3 in the sh-KHSRP group was significantly down-regulated, and the results in the overexpression group were opposite.   Conclusions   LINC00626 accelerates the malignant metastasis of gastric cancer by JAK1/STAT3/KHSRP signaling pathway. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Surgical treatment for Dubberley Type B humeral  capitellum-trochlea fracture Xie Ye, Sun Shengxuan, Shen Guangsi, Zhou Haibin Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 212-216.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.16 Abstract （8）      PDF（pc） （2691KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To investigate the clinical effect of different surgical methods in the treatment of  Dubberley Type B humeral capitellum-trochlea fracture.    Methods    A retrospective case-series study was conducted in 136 patients with humeral cephalic and trochlear fractures treated with Herbert screws or anatomical locking plates(LCP) from January 2017 to December 2023, including 42 males and 94 females aged 30-78 years (mean 54.2 years). According to Dubberley classification, 65 cases were type IB, 52 cases were type IIB and 19 cases were type IIIB. Open reduction and internal fixation were used in all the surgeries, with Herbert screw fixation alone or screw fixation followed by anatomic locking plate fixation. The operative time of the two internal fixation methods were compared. At the last follow-up, the elbow function of the patients was scored using the Mayo Elbow-Performance Score, and the patients' elbow flexion range of motion, forearm internal and external rotation range and complications were recorded.   Results   Patients were followed up for 10 to 46 months (mean 28.6 months).. The operation time of LCP group was longer than that of Herbert group, and the difference was statistically significant. The Herbert group was superior to the LCP group in terms of postoperative limb extension Angle, elbow flexion Angle and forearm rotation, but the differences were not statistically significant. The postoperative MEPS of the LCP group was lower than that of the Herbert group, but the difference was not statistically significant.   Conclusions    For type IB, a lateral or posterior approach may be considered, with screw and plate options. For type IIB and Type IIIB, the posterior approach is superior and plate binding screws provide firm fixation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Expression of CEP55 and GLAST in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and their relationship with recurrence and metastasis after radical resection Lu Xiaoliang, Zhu Bin, Lu Zefa, Wang Ruochen Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 217-223.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.17 Abstract （9）      PDF（pc） （1987KB）（7）       Knowledge map    Save Objective   To investigate the expression levels of centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) and excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (GLAST) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to analyze the relationship between them and recurrence and metastasis in patients with HCC after radical resection.   Methods    A total of 128 patients with HCC admitted to the hospital from March 2020 to October 2023 were selected. Normal tissues adjacent to the tumor with a distance of at least 5 cm from the tumor edge were collected as control. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression levels of CEP55 and GLAST. The expression of CEP55 and GLAST proteins in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues was compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between CEP55 and GLAST protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics. As of October 2024, patients with recurrence or distant metastasis were included in the recurrence and metastasis group. Those without recurrence or metastasis were included in the non-recurrence and metastasis group. The expression of CEP55 and GLAST protein and clinicopathological characteristics of the two groups were compared. Risk factors for recurrent metastasis after HCC were analyzed by using COX multifactorial regression. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze progression-free survival of patients with different expression levels of CEP55 and GLAST.    Results Finally, 120 cases were included in the study. The positive rate of CEP55 protein in cancer tissues was higher than that in adjacent tissues, and the positive rate of GLAST protein was lower than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that CEP55 expression was positively correlated with age, tumor diameter, number of tumors, Child-Pugh grading, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging and preoperative alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with differentiation degree (P<0.05). GLAST expression was negatively correlated with age, tumor diameter, number of tumors, Child-Pugh grade, BCLC stage and preoperative AFP level (P<0.05), and positively correlated with differentiation degree (P<0.05). Among the 120 patients, 32 patients experienced postoperative recurrence and metastasis, with an incidence rate of 26.67%. The CEP55 protein positivity rate in the recurrent metastasis group was higher than that in the non-recurrent metastasis group (P<0.05), and the GLAST protein positivity rate was lower than in the non-recurrent metastasis group (P<0.05). Multifactorial COX regression analysis showed that CEP55 positivity was a risk factor for recurrent metastasis after HCC surgery (P<0.05) and GLAST positivity was a protective factor for recurrent metastasis after HCC surgery (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in survival time among patients with different expression levels of CEP55 and GLAST (P=0.000, 0.017).   Conclusions   The expression levels of CEP55 and GLAST in HCC tissues are closely related to recurrence and metastasis of HCC after radical resection. High expression of CEP55 and low expression of GLAST may indicate an increased risk of recurrence and metastasis in patients with HCC, and significantly shorten progression-free survival. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Arterial spin labeling perfusion weighted imaging observation of the neonatal brain structure and its clinical application Yue Xueqiang, Fu Yulei, Li Pinpin, Du Yafei, Fu Shengqi Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 224-228.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.18 Abstract （6）      PDF（pc） （1045KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To provide new imaging diagnostic basis for the early quantitative diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).    Methods   Twenty normal neonates with check of different ages and 40 neonates with HIE of different degrees were selected by arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion weighted imaging examination. At the image post-processing workstation, the regions of interest (ROI) of brain structure were divided, and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) value of ROI were measured. The CBF values of brain structure ROI among the different ages and its corresponding ROI in HIE were compared. Results    There were statistical significance in the head of caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, dorsal thalamus, frontal white matter and the CBF values of ROI in different age groups (P<0.05). The CBF value increased gradually with the increasing of birth age, and the CBF value of the brain nucleus was significantly higher than that of frontal white matter. The CBF values of the head of caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, dorsal thalamus and frontal white matter in the observation group were (30.75±1.05) mL/100g·min, (32.02±0.97) mL/100g·min, (39.13±1.36) mL/100g·min, (15.89±0.89) mL/100g·min respectively. There were statistical significances in the CBF value of ROI among the observation group and the mild, moderate, severe lesions groups (P<0.05). The CBF value of the head of caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus and dorsal thalamus increased gradually with the severity of the disease, while the CBF value of the frontal white matter decreased gradually with the severity of the disease.   Conclusions    The basal ganglia and dorsal thalamus are the most sensitive parts in the neonatal brain structure to ischemia and hypoxia, the CBF value of ASL perfusion weighted imaging can reflect the level of reperfusion and the degree of injury in the brain structure of HIE in early stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Advances in the study of ossification of the nuchal ligaments of the cervical spine Ye Wenlin, Chen Chong, Liang Guoyan, Ye Yongyu, Yu Tao, Cheng Xing, Zheng Xiaoqing, Chang Yunbing Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 229-233.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.19 Abstract （7）      PDF（pc） （563KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save Ossification of the Nuchal Ligament (ONL) refers to the dense calcification or ossification of the soft tissue area of the nuchal ligament often caused by the damage and degeneration of the nuchal ligament tissue, which disrupts the biomechanical balance of the cervical spine and causes neck discomfort. ONL is often found accidentally by X-ray examination of cervical spondylosis, because the initial symptoms of most patients with ossification of the nuchal ligament are mild. Although studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of ONL are related to a variety of molecular and environmental factors, the pathophysiological development of ONL at different stages of development is still unclear. ONL is one type of the heterotopic ossification. Many studies have confirmed the correlation between ONL and preoperative cervical instability and cervical spondylosis. However, ONL is often removed in laminoplasty, and studies on the long-term stability of cervical spondylosis patients with ONL after surgery are rare. Different genes and extrinsic causative factors have been proved to play an important role in the progression of ectopic ossification. Meanwhile, osteogenic precursor cells, local tissue microenvironment and nervous system regulation also play an important role in ectopic ossification. This paper analyzes the epidemiology and etiology, anatomy and biomechanics, clinical history, classification and clinical significance. Pathophysiological mechanism and external pathogenic factors of ONL, and further summarizes them for a better understanding of ONL. In addition, suggestions were provided for the study of cervical spine stability and molecular mechanism of ONL in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy after single door opening surgery. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Analysis of the research trends and hotspots of anterolateral thigh flap based on web of science database Yu Jianfeng, Dai Jingyu, Zhang Xinxin, Mao Yihua, Cui Huairui, Ding Maochao , Zhao Lina Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 234-239.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.20 Abstract （9）      PDF（pc） （1921KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save Objective    To analyze the research trends and hotspots of anterolateral thigh flap based on Web of Science database.    Methods    A thematic search was performed in the Web of Science Core Collection across all time periods. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using Web of Science tools, and research hotspots and trends were analyzed via keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis using CiteSpace 6.3.R3.    Results   A total of 3,009 relevant articles were retrieved, with 2,869 included in general statistical analysis and 2,652 in knowledge graph analysis. Publications on the anterolateral thigh flap have increased yearly, with China and the United States leading in publication volume. Keywords co-occurrence analysis indicates that “neck," "complications," "free flap," and "donor site morbidity" were strongly associated and frequently mentioned. Cluster analysis identified eight main research focuses: "perforator flap, free flap, one-stage reconstruction, mandibular reconstruction, pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, neck, lower extremity, hemifacial atrophy."  Burst term analysis highlighted "neck defects, soft tissue flap, and anatomy" as the most active research areas, with "lower extremity, radiotherapy, soft tissue defects, and vascular anatomy" emerging as recent focuses. Conclusion     Chinese researchers have made significant contributions to the study of the anterolateral thigh flap. The research focus has primarily been on neck tissue injury repair, while the research content has centered on the application of anterolateral perforator flaps. Recent research hotspots have included lower extremity reconstruction, radiotherapy, soft tissue defect repair, and vascular anatomy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Select Double axillary arteries: one case report Tao Wei, Chen Jiarui, Yang Siyao, Yuan Yongliang, Xu Xinxin Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy    2025, 43 (2): 240-.   DOI: 10.13418/j.issn.1001-165x.2025.2.21 Abstract （10）      PDF（pc） （1901KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）