目的　为翼腭窝内上颌神经手术提供解剖依据。  方法　在15个成人头颅部标本中解剖观测上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁、正中矢状面的距离，观察上颌神经与上颌动脉的关系。  结果　上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁的距离为（13.78±2.18）mm；距正中矢状面的距离为（17.89±2.67）mm 。上颌神经与上颌动脉的位置关系是：63.3％动脉位于神经的外下方，37.7％在神经下方。 上颌神经与上颌动脉之间的距离为 （7.68±1.35）mm（6.60~11.10 mm）。  结论　本研究可为上颌神经手术提供解剖学参数。

Objective　To provide the anatomic basis the surgery of for maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa.　Methods     The distances from foramen rotundum to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and the median sagittal plane were measured in 15 adult skull specimens. The relative position between the maxillary artery and nerve was also observed.　Results　The distances from the foramen rotundum to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and the median sagittal plane were （13.78±2.18）mm and （17.89±2.67）mm,  respectively. In 9 cases, the maxillary artery were located inferolateral to the maxillary nerve, accounting for 63.3%; in the remaining 4 cases, the maxillary nerve was located inferior to the maxillary nerve.　Conclusion　 Our study can provide the important anatomical parameters for surgery of the maxillary nerve.