目的　探讨腓肠神经是否有发出交感纤维支配其伴行血管及腓肠神经切段后近端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的血流动力学会出现何种相应变化。 方法　在探明兔下肢腓肠神经及其伴行血管相应解剖后，取17只白兔，其中2只白兔直接处死，取腓肠神经血管束。其余15只（30侧后肢）随机等分入神经保留组与神经切断组。神经保留组白兔在行皮瓣切取术后，不对腓肠神经进行处理；神经切断组则在皮瓣掀起后将腓肠神经在其起点处切断。在相应时间点处死两组动物，取腓肠神经营养血管束行乙醛酸染色。利用红外热像仪对上述两组皮瓣术后24 h皮瓣的平均温度进行测量。  结果　神经切断组术后3、5及7 d 3个时间点腓肠神经内荧光点及其伴行动脉外膜荧光出现高度一致性的下降，组间荧光评分具有显著性差异(F=13.563, P=0.004)。神经保留组在术后整个过程中荧光强度未出现明显改变。术后2 h起，神经保留组皮瓣平均温度低于神经切断组，两者差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。  结论　腓肠神经有发出交感纤维至其伴行血管，调节其伴行血管张力。腓肠神经切段后，近端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的微循环会出现相应改善，皮瓣存活率有可能增加。

Objective　To investigate whether the sural nerve emanates sympathetic fibers to its accompanying artery, regulating its tone, and the hemodynamic change of the proximally-based sural neurovascular flap brought about by section of the sural nerve at its origin.　Methods　In 17 rabbits, two rabbits were used as the normal control group, from which the sural neurovascular bundles were harvested without flap creation, and the other 15 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups with 15 sides of hind limbs in each group: a nerve transection group, where the sural nerve was transected at its origin after creation of the proximally-based sural neurovascular flap, and a nerve preservation group, where the sural nerve was untouched after flap creation. The latter two groups were continued to be allocated respectively to three sub-groups according to the time points, i.e., 3d, 5d and 7d after flap creation. The rabbits were executed at the corresponding time points and the sural neurovascular bundles were harvested for glyoxylic acid staining. An infrared thermal imager was used for measurement of the average temperature of the flaps within 24h after flap harvest.　Results　The intensity of green fluorescent staining within the sural nerve and around the tunica externa of the sural artery showed a synchronized gradual decline in the nerve transection group at 3d, 5d and 7d after flap harvest. Significant difference of fluorescent intensity could be detected among the groups (F=13.563, P=0.004). The fluorescent intensity of the sural neurocutaneous bundle showed no decline in the nerve preservation group at the postoperative three time points. The average temperature of the flaps in the nerve transection group was higher than that in the nerve preservation group starting from 2h after flap harvest (P<0.05).　Conclusion　The sural nerve has issued sympathetic fibers to the accompanying arteries, regulating its vascular tone. The microvascular circulation within the proximally-based sural neurocutaneous flap could improve if the sural nerve is divided at its origin, leading to possible increased flap survival.